Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. Its presence in groundwater is a common indicator of fecal contamination. ("Enteric" is the adjective that describes organisms that live in the intestines. "Fecal" is the adjective for organisms that live in feces, so it is often a synonym for "enteric.") The name comes from its discoverer, Theodor Escherich. It belongs among the Enterobacteriaceae, and is com ...

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Including:

Water purification - Sources of drinking water Water purification - Water treatment methods
Water purification - Screening Water purification - Storage Water purification - Coagulation and flocculation Water purification - Sedimentation Water purification - Filtration Water purification - Disinfection
Water purification - Other water purification techniques Water purification - Portable water purification

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The earliest known system of classifying forms of life comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who classified all living organisms know at that time as either a plant or an animal. He futher classified animals based on their means of transportation (air, land, or water). In 1172 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who was a judge (Qadi) in Seville, translated and abridged Aristotle's book de Anima (On the Soul) into Arabic. His original commentary is now los ...

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Scientific classification, Scientific classification - Modern developments, Scientific classification - Early systems, Scientific classification - Linnaeus, Scientific classification - Examples, Scientific classification - Group suffixes

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The human body contains a large number of bacteria, most of them performing tasks that are useful or even essential to human survival. Those that are expected to be present, and that under normal circumstances do not cause disease, are termed normal flora. It is estimated that 500 to 1000 different species of bacteria live in the human body (Sears, 2005). Bacterial cells are much smaller than human cells, and there are about ten times as many bacteria as human cells in the body (1 quadrillion (1015) versus 100 trilli ...

Including:

Bacteria in the human body - Reference

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Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes (e.g. molds and fungi). Microbes represent ideal model systems for study due to the fact that many can be grown quickly and easily in genetically uniform cultures (e.g. agar), which allows for the production of biological materials (e.g. protein or DNA) in reasonable quantities quickly, safely and inexpensively. However, viruses, viroids, and prions cann ...

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Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance naturally develops via natural selection through random mutation and plasmid exchange between bacteria of the same species. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a microorganism through transformation protocols. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance - Causes. Ant ...

Including:

Antibiotic resistance - Causes Antibiotic resistance - Resistant pathogens Antibiotic resistance - Alternatives to antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance - Prevention Antibiotic resistance - Vaccines Antibiotic resistance - Phage therapy

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Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by bacteria. See pneumonia for a general overview of pneumonia and its other causes. Bacterial pneumonia - Causes. Bacterial pneumonia Viral pneumonia Fungal pneumonia Parasitic pneumonia Atypical pneumonia Community-acquired pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Aspiration pneumonia Lipid pneum ...

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Bacterial pneumonia - Causes Bacterial pneumonia - Pathophysiology Bacterial pneumonia - Treatment

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Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, is an illness of fever, diarrhoea and/or vomiting caused by an infectious virus, bacterium or parasite. It usually is of acute onset, normally lasting less than 10 days and self-limiting. Sometimes it is referred to simply as 'gastro'. It is often referred to as the stomach flu or gastric flu even though it is not related to influenza. If the inflammation is limited to the stomach, the term gastritis is used, and if the small bowel alone is affected i ...

Including:

Gastroenteritis - Aetiology
Gastroenteritis - Viral causes Gastroenteritis - Bacterial causes Gastroenteritis - Parasites
Gastroenteritis - Epidemiology Gastroenteritis - Clinical features Gastroenteritis - Differential diagnosis Gastroenteritis - Treatment
Gastroenteritis - Drug therapy
Gastroenteritis - Complications

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Diarrhea (American English) or diarrhoea (Commonwealth English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery, chunky, or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. "to run through"). In the Third World, diarrhea is the most common cause of death among infants, killing more than 1.5 million per year. Diarrhea - Causes. This condition can be a symptom of injury, disease or foodborne illness and is usually accompanied by abdominal pain ...

Including:

Diarrhea - Causes Diarrhea - Mechanism Diarrhea - Acute diarrhea Diarrhea - Chronic diarrhea
Diarrhea - Infective diarrhea Diarrhea - Malabsorption Diarrhea - Inflammatory bowel disease Diarrhea - Irritable Bowel Syndrome Diarrhea - Other important causes
Diarrhea - Treatment of diarrhea

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Burping, also known as belching, ructus or eructation, is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. It is often audible. Burping - Physiology. Burping is typically caused by eating or drinking too fast, and thereby swallowing (aerophagia) and subsequently expelling air, in which case the expelled gas is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Burps can also be caused by imbibing carbonated drinks such as beer, soft drinks, or champagne, in w ...

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Burping - Physiology Burping - Social context and etiquette Burping - Infant burping Burping - Burped speech Burping - In animals

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AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV (Marx et al., 1982). Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has b ...

Including:

AIDS - Infection by HIV AIDS - Symptomology
AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions AIDS - Clinical symptoms of AIDS
AIDS - Transmission AIDS - Prevention
AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission AIDS - Mother to child transmission
AIDS - Treatment
AIDS - Alternative medicine
AIDS - HIV test AIDS - Epidemiology AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS AIDS - Alternative theories AIDS - AIDS News

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Amoxicillin (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylic acid Amoxicillin (INN) or amoxycillin (former BAN) is a moderate-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other beta-lactam antibiotics. Amoxicillin is susceptible to deg ...

Including:

Amoxicillin - Mode of action Amoxicillin - Microbiology
Amoxicillin - Susceptible Gram-positive organisms Amoxicillin - Susceptible Gram-negative organisms Amoxicillin - Resistant organisms
Amoxicillin - Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid Amoxicillin - Proprietary Preparations

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The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin - History. Cephalosporin was first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by an Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu. He noticed that these cultures produced a substance that was effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid. The cephalosporins were developed as drugs at the Sir William Dunn School of P ...

Including:

Cephalosporin - History Cephalosporin - Mode of action Cephalosporin - The generations
Cephalosporin - First generation cephalosporins Cephalosporin - Second generation cephems Cephalosporin - Third generation cephalosporins Cephalosporin - Fourth generation cephalosporins Cephalosporin - Unknown generation cephems Cephalosporin - Caution - Possible name confusion

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Water quality modelling involves the prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques. A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical machanisms that determine fate and transport of pollutants in a water body. Accurate formulation of basic physical mechanisms is no guarantee of good predictions if sufficient data are not available to estimate rate constants and coefficients. Water quality modelling - Formulations and associated Constants. Including:

Water quality modelling - Formulations and associated Constants

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To most people not professionally involved in water quality issues, water is either drinkable (technically potable) or contains potentially harmful or toxic substances. However, the vast majority of surface water on the planet is neither potable nor toxic. This remains true even if we eliminate from consideration the more than 97% of the earth's water found in the oceans (sea water)—too salty to drink. Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is polluted o ...

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Water quality - Measurement of water quality Water quality - External link

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Caenorhabditis elegans (pronounced see-no-rab-DYE-tis) is a free-living nematode (a roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in a temperate soil environment. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans began in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. C. elegans is vermiform, bilaterally symmetric, with a cuticle integument, no segmentations, with four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. They ...

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Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see pharmacology) produced by biotechnology. The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was recombinant insulin in 1982. Biopharmaceutical - Large scale production. Biopharmaceuticals may be produced from microbial cells (e.g. recombinant Escherichia coli), mammalian cell lines (See Cell culture) and plant cell cultures (See Plant tissue culture) in bioreactors of various configurations. Important issues of concern are cost of pro ...

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Biopharmaceutical - Large scale production

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. It is perhaps the most relevant yeast for mankind, both for its use since ancient times in baking and brewing, and for being one of the most intensively studied eukaryotic model organisms in molecular and cell biology, much like Escherichia coli as the model prokaryote. It is the microorganism behind the most common type of fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are round to ovoid, 5-10 Micrometres in ...

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Lifecycle Saccharomyces cerevisiae - In Science
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast Mating

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Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses genomic DNA analysis, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Scientific class ...

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Scientific classification - Modern developments Scientific classification - Early systems
Scientific classification - Linnaeus
Scientific classification - Examples Scientific classification - Group suffixes

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the urinary tract. An infection anywhere from the kidneys to the ureters to the bladder to the urethra qualifies as a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection - Symptoms & Signs. Urethritis: discomfort or pain at the urethral meatus or a burning sensation throughout the urethra with micturition (dysuria). Cystitis: pain in the midline suprapubic region and/or frequent urination Hematuria (bloody urine) clo ...

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Urinary tract infection - Symptoms & Signs Urinary tract infection - Diagnosis Urinary tract infection - Causative agents Urinary tract infection - Prevention Urinary tract infection - Epidemiology Urinary tract infection - Treatment

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