Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. Erasmus - Biography. Erasmus was born with the name Gerrit Gerritszoon (Dutch for Gerhard Gerhardson), probably in Rotterdam, although recent discoveries suggest he was actually born in Gouda, the Netherlands. Although much associated with this city, he lived there for only four years, never to return. Information on his family and early life ...

Including:

• Erasmus - Biography
• Erasmus - Writings
• Erasmus - Legacy
• Erasmus - Representations of Erasmus
• Erasmus - Notes
• Erasmus - Critical Bibliography

Read more here: » Erasmus: Encyclopedia - Erasmus

Erasmus was born with the name Gerrit Gerritszoon (Dutch for Gerhard Gerhardson), probably in Rotterdam, although recent discoveries suggest he was actually born in Gouda, the Netherlands. Although much associated with this city, he lived there for only four years, never to return. Information on his family and early life comes mainly from vague references in his writings. He was almost certainly illegitimate. His father was a priest named Roger Gerard. Little is known of his mother other than the fact that her name was Margaret and s ...

See also:

Erasmus, Erasmus - Biography, Erasmus - Writings, Erasmus - Legacy, Erasmus - Representations of Erasmus, Erasmus - Notes, Erasmus - Critical Bibliography

Read more here: » Erasmus: Encyclopedia II - Erasmus - Biography

Pelagianism is a belief that original sin did not taint human nature (which, being created from God, was divine), and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. Thus, Adam's sin was "to set a bad example" for his progeny, but his actions did not have the other consequences imputed to Original Sin. Pelagianism views the role of Jesus as "setting a good example" for the rest of us (thus counteracting Adam's bad example). In short, humanity has full control, and thus full responsibility, for its own salvation in addition to full responsibility for every sin (the latter insisted upon ...

Including:

• Pelagianism - Pelagius

Read more here: » Pelagianism: Encyclopedia - Pelagianism

Little or nothing is known about the life of the monk Pelagius. Augustine says that he lived in Rome "for a very long time," and that he was originally from Britain. (St. Jerome suggests he was Scottish or perhaps from Ireland.) He was certainly well known in the Roman province, both for the harsh asceticism of his public life, as well as the power and persuasiveness of his speech. Until his more radical ideas saw daylight, even such pillars of the Church as Augustine referred to him as “saintly.” Pelagius taught that the human wi ...

See also:

Pelagianism, Pelagianism - Pelagius

Read more here: » Pelagianism: Encyclopedia II - Pelagianism - Pelagius

Clergy - Catholic clergy. Ordained Catholic clergymen are deacons, priests, or bishops, i.e., they belong to the diaconate, the presbyterate, or the episcopate. Among bishops, some are metropolitans, archbishops, or patriarchs, and the Pope is the Bishop of Rome. With rare exceptions, cardinals are bishops, although it was not always so; formerly, some cardinals were unordained laymen and not clergymen. The Holy See supports the activity of its clergy by the Congregation for th ...

See also:

Clergy, Clergy - Christian clergy, Clergy - Catholic clergy, Clergy - Orthodox clergy, Clergy - Anglican clergy, Clergy - Protestant clergy, Clergy - Latter-day Saints clergy, Clergy - Judaism, Clergy - Buddhism, Clergy - Islam

Read more here: » Clergy: Encyclopedia II - Clergy - Christian clergy

The college was founded in 1517 by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Winchester. Although intended as a traditional training college for secular clergy, under the influence of Hugh Oldham it became the foremost humanist enterprise in Oxford, the model for many subsequent foundations. Fox was a humanist and interested in classical literature. He founded a library which was very progressive for the time. The library included books in Latin, Greek and even Hebrew – and was praised by Erasmus on a visit to Oxford as a "biblioteca trilinguis". The important Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives taught ...

See also:

Corpus Christi College Oxford, Corpus Christi College Oxford - History, Corpus Christi College Oxford - Notable former students and fellows, Corpus Christi College Oxford - Academics/teachers

Read more here: » Corpus Christi College Oxford: Encyclopedia II - Corpus Christi College Oxford - History

The Gospel of Matthew (literally: according to Matthew, Greek: Κατα Μαθθαιον ) is one of the four Gospel accounts of the New Testament. The Gospel accounts are traditionally printed with Matthew first, followed in order by Mark, Luke and John. Gospel of Matthew - Overview. For convenience, the book can be divided into its four structurally distinct sections, each of which is autonomous, without transitional passages. Containing the genealogy, the birth, and the ...

Including:

• Gospel of Matthew - Overview
• Gospel of Matthew - Date of Gospel
• Gospel of Matthew - Authorship
• Gospel of Matthew - A Hebrew Gospel of Matthew?
• Gospel of Matthew - Theology of canonical Matthew
• Gospel of Matthew - Chapters

Read more here: » Gospel of Matthew: Encyclopedia - Gospel of Matthew

The anti-Spanish Black Legend (in Spanish, leyenda negra) is the depiction of Spain and Spaniards as bloodthirsty and cruel, greedy and fanatical. The term was coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica (The Black Legend and Historical Truth). The Black Legend is distinguished from other similar discourses throughout history by its extension, influence and persistence in time. The Legend influenced historical understanding and accounts in most European countries and, through them, much of the world. Its zenith may have come in the 16th century, but ...

Including:

• Black Legend - Origin
• Black Legend - The classic sources
• Black Legend - The Enlightenment
• Black Legend - Romantic travellers
• Black Legend - Westward Ho!
• Black Legend - Modern historiography
• Black Legend - Black Legend in the United States of America
• Black Legend - White Legend
• Black Legend - Foot notes
• Black Legend - Bibliography

Read more here: » Black Legend: Encyclopedia - Black Legend

Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library was a 1963 gift of the Beinecke family. The building, designed by architect Gordon Bunshaft, of the firm of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, is the largest building in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts. It is built at the center of the University, in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is more commonly referred to as "Beinecke Plaza". A six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a windowless rectangular building with walls ...

Including:

• Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library - History
• Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library - Special collections
• Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library - External link

Read more here: » Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library: Encyclopedia - Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library

Christian humanism, is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles, and like much humanism often refers to a commonality among all humanity as its basic ethos. Christian humanism has been traced back to at least the 12th century, and its proponents claim it to be grounded in the mystery of God as present in history as a human being, Jesus, and secondly, on several teachings of Jesus, as found in the New Testament. It does not elevate ordinary human beings to the status of deities, nor does it deny the primacy of God, but rather it seeks to celebrate humanity and place the serving of one's fe ...

Including:

• Christian humanism - Selected Humanist Teachings of Jesus
• Christian humanism - The Second Great Commandment
• Christian humanism - Unto the Least
• Christian humanism - Literary criticism
• Christian humanism - Prominent Christian humanists
• Christian humanism - Sources

Read more here: » Christian humanism: Encyclopedia - Christian humanism

A world citizen (or citizen of the world) is a person who wishes to transcend the geopolitical divisiveness inherent in the national citizenships of the various sovereign states and countries. In this respect the concept differs from internationalism, which is still based on the idea of nations. By refusing to accept a patriotic identity dictated by any national government, world citizens assert their independence as citizens of the Earth, the world, or the cosmos. World citizen - Overview. The first ...

Including:

• World citizen - Overview
• World citizen - Promoting world citizenship
• World citizen - Famous world citizens

Read more here: » World citizen: Encyclopedia - World citizen

The Christian cross is a familiar religious symbol of Christianity. It is significant for Christians based on the gospel accounts of the New Testament, which describe the manner of Jesus Christ's death as crucifixion. This painful method of execution was common for slaves and non-Romans convicted of serious crimes in the Roman Empire. The type of cross actually used by Romans for crucifixion is now known as St. Anthony's Cross, shaped like the letter "T", unlike the traditionally depicted Latin cross. Christian cr ...

Including:

• Christian cross - History and Usage
• Christian cross - Forms of the Cross
• Christian cross - Alternative theological views of the cross
• Christian cross - Gallery

Read more here: » Christian cross: Encyclopedia - Christian cross

Charles Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882) was a British naturalist who achieved lasting fame by establishing the fact of evolution and originating the theory that this could be explained through natural and sexual selection. He developed his interest in natural history while studying first medicine, then theology, at university. Darwin's five-year voyage on the Beagle and subsequent writings brought him eminence as a geologist and fame as a popular author. His biological observations led him to study t ...

Including:

• Charles Darwin - Life
• Charles Darwin - Early life
• Charles Darwin - Journey on the Beagle
• Charles Darwin - Career in science inception of theory
• Charles Darwin - Marriage and children
• Charles Darwin - Development of theory
• Charles Darwin - Announcement and publication of theory
• Charles Darwin - Reaction
• Charles Darwin - Further work until his death
• Charles Darwin - Religious views
• Charles Darwin - Legacy
• Charles Darwin - Commemoration
• Charles Darwin - Eugenics
• Charles Darwin - Social Darwinism
• Charles Darwin - Works
• Charles Darwin - Published works
• Charles Darwin - Letters

Read more here: » Charles Darwin: Encyclopedia - Charles Darwin

Basel (English traditionally: Basle [bɑːl], German: Basel ['ba:zəl], French: Bâle [bɑl], Italian: Basilea [bazi'leːa]) is Switzerland's third most populous city (166,563 inhabitants (2004); 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate cantonal and national boundaries made Basel Switzerl ...

Including:

• Basel - Transportation
• Basel - Industry and trade
• Basel - History and science
• Basel - Quarters
• Basel - Architecture
• Basel - Education
• Basel - Politics
• Basel - People from Basel
• Basel - Sport
• Basel - Culture
• Basel - Museums
• Basel - Chronological table

Read more here: » Basel: Encyclopedia - Basel

The Byzantine text-type (also called Constantinopolitan, Syrian, ecclesiastical, and majority) is the largest group of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. The Byzantine text-type is the text-type with by far the largest number of manuscripts, especially from the invention of the minuscule (lower case) handwriting in the 9th century. For example, of 522 complete or nearly complete manuscripts of the Catholic Epistles collated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research in Münster, Germany, 372 of them attes ...

Read more here: » Byzantine text-type: Encyclopedia - Byzantine text-type

The Christian Left encompasses those who hold a strong Christian belief and share left-wing or socialist ideals. Contrary to the situation in the United States, the majority of Christians in western Europe have left-wing inclinations in their political views. Many such people assert that their left-wing views derive directly from their Christian faith, and some cite Jesus as "the first socialist". Many adherents hold also that the early Church practiced socialism, or even something resembling communism ("The community of ...

Including:

• Christian left - History
• Christian left - Early Christianity as anti-establishment movement
• Christian left - Movements
• Christian left - Early antagonism between the Left and Christianity
• Christian left - Alliance of the Left and Christianity
• Christian left - Christian Left and campaigns for peace and human rights
• Christian left - Christian Left in the United States
• Christian left - Liberation Theology
• Christian left - Christian Left and Homosexuality
• Christian left - The Consistent Life Ethic
• Christian left - Notable Christian leftists
• Christian left - Australia
• Christian left - Canada
• Christian left - Colombia
• Christian left - El Salvador
• Christian left - Germany
• Christian left - Italy
• Christian left - Netherlands
• Christian left - Nicaragua
• Christian left - New Zealand
• Christian left - Russia
• Christian left - Slovenia
• Christian left - Switzerland
• Christian left - United States
• Christian left - United Kingdom
• Christian left - Venezuela
• Christian left - Parties of the Christian left

Read more here: » Christian left: Encyclopedia - Christian left

There are many relics attributed to Jesus that people believe or believed to be authentic relics of the Gospel accounts. The Shroud of Turin is perhaps the most well-known relic; its authenticity was questioned due to radiocarbon dating, performed in 1988, the accuracy of which has itself been subsequently questioned. The earlier-measured sample was generally agreed to have been thrown off by contamination on the shroud, though retests are also debated, and it remains a controversial item. Other alleged relics include:

Read more here: » Relics attributed to Jesus: Encyclopedia - Relics attributed to Jesus

Education is a social science that encompasses teaching and learning specific knowledge, beliefs and skills. Licensed and practicing teachers in the field use a variety of methods and materials in order to impart a curriculum. There has been a plethora of journals, magazines, books and digests in the field of education that addresses these areas. Such literature addresses the teaching practices. Subjects include lectures, game playing, testing, scheduling, record keeping, bullying, seating arrangements, interests, motivation, and comp ...

Including:

• Education - Overview
• Education - Origin of the term education
• Education - Formal education
• Education - Technology and education
• Education - History of education
• Education - Europe
• Education - China
• Education - Japan
• Education - India
• Education - Recent world-wide educational trends
• Education - Challenges in education
• Education - In developing countries
• Education - Parental involvement
• Education - Prominent educationalists

Read more here: » Education: Encyclopedia - Education

Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. The term comes from Greek κληρος (a lot, that which is assigned by lot (allotment) or metaphorically, heritage). Depending on the religion, clergy usually take care of the ritual aspects of the religious life, teach or otherwise help in spreading the religion's doctrine and practices. They often deal with life-cycle events such as childbirth, circumcision, coming of age ceremonies, marriage, and death. Clergy of most faiths work both inside and outside formal houses of worship, and can be found working in hos ...

Including:

• Clergy - Christian clergy
• Clergy - Catholic clergy
• Clergy - Orthodox clergy
• Clergy - Anglican clergy
• Clergy - Protestant clergy
• Clergy - Latter-day Saints clergy
• Clergy - Judaism
• Clergy - Buddhism
• Clergy - Islam

Read more here: » Clergy: Encyclopedia - Clergy

Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Independent from Luther, who was doctor biblicus, Zwingli arrived at similar conclusions, by studying the Scriptures from the point of view of a humanist scholar. Zwingli was born in Wildhaus, St. Gall, Switzerland to a prominent family of the middle classes. He was the seventh of eight sons. His father Ulrich was the chief magistrate in ...

Including:

• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli's contribution to Reformation
• Huldrych Zwingli - Background
• Huldrych Zwingli - Theology: sacraments and covenants Zwingli versus Luther
• Huldrych Zwingli - Music in the Church
• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli’s life
• Huldrych Zwingli - Youth
• Huldrych Zwingli - Priesthood
• Huldrych Zwingli - Alienation from the Church
• Huldrych Zwingli - Marriage
• Huldrych Zwingli - The Reformation in Zürich
• Huldrych Zwingli - The political phase
• Huldrych Zwingli - Reaction
• Huldrych Zwingli - Dictator of Zürich
• Huldrych Zwingli - Civil war and Zwingli's death on the battlefield
• Huldrych Zwingli - Zwingli's successor
• Huldrych Zwingli - Other notables in Swiss Reformation
• Huldrych Zwingli - Literary production

Read more here: » Huldrych Zwingli: Encyclopedia - Huldrych Zwingli