It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain types of statements have a special epistemological status — that of not needing to be justified. So it is possible to classify epistemological theories according to the type of statement that each argues has this special status. Epistemology - Empiricism. Empiricists claim knowledge is a product of human experience. Statements of observations take pride of place in emp ...

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Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier

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Epistemology, Epistemology - Defining knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - Gettier cases and contemporary definitions of knowledge, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Defining 'belief' in Epistemology, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism

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Much contemporary work in epistemology depends on the two categories: foundationalism and coherentism. Recently, Susan Haack has attempted to fuse these two approaches into her doctrine of Foundherentism, which accrues degrees of relative confidence to beliefs by mediating between the two approaches. She covers this in her book Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology. Epistemology - Gettier. Main articles: E ...

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Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier

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Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. Historically, it has been one of the most investigated and most debated of all philosophical subjects. Much of this debate has focused on analysing the nature and variety of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth and belief. Much of this discuss ...

Including:

Epistemology - Definition of knowledge
Epistemology - Justified true belief Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge Epistemology - Knowledge and belief Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how
Epistemology - Justification
Epistemology - Irrationalism Epistemology - Rationality Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements
Epistemology - Epistemological theories
Epistemology - Empiricism Epistemology - Idealism Epistemology - Phenomenalism Epistemology - Pragmatism Epistemology - Rationalism Epistemology - Representationalism Epistemology - Relativism Epistemology - Skepticism
Epistemology - Contemporary approaches
Epistemology - Gettier

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Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Nyaya (pronounced as "nyα:yə") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu ph ...

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Nyaya - Epistemology Nyaya - Theory of Inference Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God

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Belief in the psychological sense, is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude. In the religious sense, "belief" refers to a part of a wider spiritual or moral foundation, generally called faith; historically generated by a group's need to provide a functionally valid foundation to sustain them. The generally accepted faiths usually note that when oppressive states are generated by it being exercised, and not a fact of reality, it was ...

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Belief - Belief knowledge and epistemology Belief - Belief as a psychological theory Belief - Is belief voluntary? Belief - Delusional beliefs

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William James (January 11, 1842, New York – August 26, 1910, Chocorua, New Hampshire) was a pioneering psychologist and philosopher. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. William James was born in New York, son of Henry James, Sr., an independently wealthy and notoriously eccentric Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James fam ...

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William James - Early years William James - Professional career William James - Writings William James - Epistemology
William James - Cash Value
William James - Philosophy of religion
William James - Cash Value of Religion
William James - Theory of emotion
William James - William James' bear
William James - Philosophy of history William James - List of major works

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Aristotle's theory of universals is one of the classic solutions to the problem of universals. Aristotle thought—to put it in a not-very-enlightening way—that universals are simply types, properties, or relations that are common to their various instances. In Aristotle's view, universals exist only where they are instantiated; they exist only in things (he said they exist in re, which means simply "in things"), never apart from things. Beyond this Aristotle said that a universal is something identical in each of its inst ...

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Controversial science is a domain of knowledge that is controversial by its very nature, in that what is thought by the layman to be "established fact" (in actuality a provisional state), is determined through a process of challenge and debate in which one school of thought emerges, for a time, victorious over the others. Such debates are never offically settled with any finality whatsoever, and it is expected that if and when conflicting evidence is discovered and confirmed, the science will be modified to include that discovery. As Sharon Dunwoody writes in Communica ...

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Other related archivesAlexander Wendt, anarchy, architecture, art, constructivism, constructivism (learning theory), constructivism (mathematics), constructivist epistemology, education, international relations, learning theory, liberalism, linguistics, mathematics, neorealist, norms, philosophy, political science, realism, rhetoric

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There are two distinct types of coherentism. One refers to the coherence theory of truth. The other is belief in the coherence theory of justification — an epistemological theory opposing foundationalism and offering a solution to the regress argument. In this epistemological capacity, it is a theory about how belief can be justified. As a theory of truth coherentism restricts true sentences to those that cohere with some specified set of sentences. Someone's belief is true just in the case that it is coherent w ...

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Coherentism - The regress argument Coherentism - Foundationalism Coherentism - Coherentism Coherentism - Difficulties for coherentism

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Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. Plato lectured extensively at the Academy, and wrote on many philosophical issues. The most important writings of Plato are his dialogues, although a handful of epigrams also survive, and some letters have come down to us under his name. It is believed that all of Plato's authen ...

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Plato - Biography Plato - Work
Plato - Themes Plato - Form and basis
Plato - Metaphysics Plato - Epistemology Plato - The state Plato - Platonic scholarship Plato - Bibliography
Plato - By tetralogy Plato - Stephanus pagination Plato - Loeb Classical Library

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Warrant has several meanings: In law, a warrant is a form of authorization, such as A writ issued by a judge. A certificate issued by the defence minister appointing a warrant officer. In finance, a warrant is a right, without obligation, to buy or sell something at an agreed price. In the military, payroll checks for soldiers are also referred to as warrants. In epistemology, the theory of justification deals with understanding how beliefs can be justified o

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Voluntarism (lat.: voluntas: wantin, the will, the desire; also: arbitrariness) is the school of thought, which regards the will to the difference of the intellectualism (as contrast) and emotionalism as basic facts of the realization (i.e. as epistemological voluntarism) or as a nature, cause of the world-whole (metaphysical voluntarism of Arthur Schopenhauer) and attributes a thinking and feeli ...

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Voluntarism - Medieval Voluntarism Voluntarism - Metaphysical Voluntarism Voluntarism - Realization and Science Theory Voluntarism - Politics

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Underdetermination is an epistemological issue about the relation of evidence to conclusions. A theory (or statement or belief) is underdetermined if, given the evidence for the theory, there is a rival theory inconsistent with that theory but as well supported by all the evidence for that theory. That a theory is underdetermined is a premise upon which skepticism often rests. Since skepticism is a view that challenges beliefs about knowing and people value knowledge, people often speak of "the underdetermination problem." < ...

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Underdetermination - History of Underdetermination Underdetermination - Types of Underdetermination Underdetermination - Support for Underdetermination Underdetermination - Arguments Involving Underdetermination
Underdetermination - Underdetermination and General Skeptical Arguments Underdetermination - Underdetermination and Philosophy of Science

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Anamnesis (Greek:αναμνησις; “recollection”, “reminiscence”) is a term used in philosophy and religion. Anamnesis - Philosophy. Plato uses "anamnesis" in the epistemological theory that he develops in his dialogues Meno and Phaedo. In Meno, Plato's character (and old teacher) Socrates is challenged by Meno with what has become known as the sophistic paradox, or the paradox of knowledge: Meno: And how are you going to search for [the nature of virtue] when y ...

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Anamnesis - Philosophy
Anamnesis - Phaedo
Anamnesis - Religious use Anamnesis - Sources and references

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Simplicity is the property, condition, or quality of being simple or un-combined. It often connotes beauty. Simple things are usually easier to explain and understand than complex ones. Simplicity is freedom from difficulty or hardship or effort. According to Occam's razor, all other things being equal, the simplest theory is the most likely to be true — hence the importance of the concept of simplicity in epistemology. Accor ...

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Simplicity - Simplicity in the philosophy of science Simplicity - Simplicity in language Simplicity - Quotes

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The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality. It has five steps, as in the example shown: There is fire on the hill (called Pratijñā, required to be proved) Because there is smoke there (called Hetu, reason) Wherever there is fire, there is smoke (called Udaharana, ie, example) There is smoke on the hill (called Upanaya, reaffirmation) Therefore there is fire on the hil ...

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Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

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A cause is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent of a cause. The same cause produces the same effect; and the same effect is produced by the same cause. The cause is not present in any hidden form whatsoever in its effect. The following conditions should be met: [1] The cause must be antencedent [Purvavrtti] [2] Invariability [Niyatapurvavrtti ...

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Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

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Early Naiyanikas wrote very little about God, ie., Ishvara (lit., the Supreme Lord). However, later Buddhists in India had become from agnostic to strictly atheistic. As a reaction, the later Naiyanikas entered into disputes with the Buddhists and tried to prove the existence of God through logic. They made this question a challenge to their own existence. They gave the following nine proofs for the existence of God, enlisted in Udayana's Nyaya Kusumanjali: Kāryāt (lit. "from effect"): An effect is produced by a ...

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Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

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