Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Epistemology
Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Epistemological Theories
It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Epistemological Theories
It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internalism And Externalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Internalism And Externalism - Epistemology
In modern epistemology internalism about justification is the idea that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief is imm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pure Sociology: Encyclopedia Ii - Pure Sociology - Epistemology
This approach attempts to explain social life (the sociological behavior of organizations, groups, relationships, and interpersonal facts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internalism And Externalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Internalism And Externalism - Epistemology
In contemporary epistemology internalism about justification is the idea that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - William James: Encyclopedia Ii - William James - Epistemology
James defined truth as that which works in the way of belief. "True ideas lead us into useful verbal and conceptual quarters as well as d...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhist Philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Definition Of Knowledge
Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Defining Knowledge
Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology
Constructivism is a recent development in philosophy which criticizes essentialism, whether it is in the form of medieval realism, classi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology
Virtue epistemology refers to any number of modern epistemological approaches which approach contemporary problems by means of the intell...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contextualism: Encyclopedia - Contextualism
In philosophy, contextualism describes a collection of views which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance or expression occu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samkhya: Encyclopedia - Samkhya
Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Samkhya, also Sankhya, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyaya: Encyclopedia - Nyaya
Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Nyaya (pronounced as "n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicureanism: Encyclopedia - Epicureanism
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340–c. 270 BC), founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belief: Encyclopedia - Belief
Belief in the psychological sense, is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude. In the religious s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia - Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, studen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Eastern Epistemology - Hindu Epistemology
Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. ....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Eastern Epistemology - Buddhist Epistemology
Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. ....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eastern Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Eastern Epistemology - Jain Epistemology
According to Jain epistemology, reality is multifaceted (anekanta, or 'non-one-sided'), such that no finite set of statements can capture...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformed Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformed Epistemology - Criticisms
Those of faith have frequently criticized Reformed epistemology for favoring or for being exclusively committed to negative apologetics, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Constructivist Epistemology - Social Constructivism
One version of social constructivism contends that categories of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships and i...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Epistemology: A Christian Theological Dictionary On Epistemology
A Christian theological definition of Epistemology according to CARM - The Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry:   &qu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Constructivist Epistemology - Social Constructivism
One version of social constructivism contends that categories of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships and i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Virtue Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Virtue Epistemology - Partial Bibliogaphy For Virtue Epistemology
Aquino, Frederick D. Communities of Informed Judgment: Newman’s Illative Sense and Accounts of Rationality. Washington, D.C.: Catholic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Constructivist Epistemology - Critical Constructivism
A series of articles published in 1991 in the journal Critical Inquiry served as a manifesto for the movement of critical constructivism ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constructivist Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Constructivist Epistemology - Critical Constructivism
A series of articles published in 1991 in the journal Critical Inquiry served as a manifesto for the movement of critical constructivism ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faith And Rationality: Encyclopedia Ii - Faith And Rationality - Relationship Between Faith And Rationality
Rationalism makes no statement either way regarding the existence of God or the validity or value of religion, rejecting only belief base...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemological Despondency: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemological Despondency - Track Listing
Epistemological Despondency - Disc 1. "Bereft" -- 20:24 "Only Hate (Baresark)" -- 2:41 "The Noise Of Depression" -- 18:59 Epistemolo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alvin Goldman: Encyclopedia Ii - Alvin Goldman - Work In Epistemology
Goldman's 1967 paper titled A Causal Theory of Knowing in the Journal of Philosophy put forth a theory of justification in which belief w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A Priori: Encyclopedia Ii - A Priori - Philosophical Thought
One of the fundamental questions in epistemology is whether there is any non-trivial a priori knowledge. Generally speaking rationalists ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Platonic Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Platonic Epistemology - The Divided Line
Plato, in The Republic Book VI (509d-513e), uses the literary device of a divided line to teach his basic views about four levels of exis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Platonic Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Platonic Epistemology - An Example: Love And Wisdom
A good example of how Plato viewed the acquiring of knowledge is contained in his teachings of the Ladder of Love. In Symposium (210a-211...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Particularism: Encyclopedia Ii - Particularism - In Epistemology
In the study of human knowledge, particularism refers to the approach where one asks the question "What do we know?" before "How do we kn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faith And Rationality: Encyclopedia Ii - Faith And Rationality - Various Justifications And Criticisms
The justifications for faith as rational are based on semantic and epistemological strategies: 1. Less semantically precise definitions o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belief: Encyclopedia Ii - Belief - Belief Knowledge And Epistemology
Knowledge is often defined as justified true belief, in that the belief must be considered to correspond to reality and must be derived f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belief: Encyclopedia Ii - Belief - Belief, Knowledge And Epistemology
Knowledge is often defined as justified true belief, in that the belief must be considered to correspond to reality and must be derived f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Probability Interpretations: Encyclopedia Ii - Probability Interpretations - Epistemological Controversy
While frequentism is widely accepted as a scientific tool, the use of Bayesian probability often raises the philosophical debate as to wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalism Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalism Philosophy - Naturalism As Epistemology
W. V. Quine describes naturalism as the position that there is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself. There is no bett...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophical Skepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophical Skepticism - Epistemology And Skepticism
Skepticism is related to epistemology, or the question of whether knowledge is possible. Skeptics argue that the belief in something does...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristotle: Encyclopedia Ii - Aristotle - Aristotle's Epistemology
Aristotle - Logic. Main article: Aristotelian logic For more details on this topic, see Non-Aristotelian logic. Aristotle "says th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prayer In Christianity: Encyclopedia Ii - Prayer In Christianity - Epistemological Issues
Geoffrey K. Mondello (see References below) believes that a mystical experience of God is real and provable, and is possible due to the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White People: Encyclopedia Ii - White People - The Epistemological Challenge
White (noun, white or whites; adjective, white people) is a color-defined term used as a form of ethno-racial classification. Though lite...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White People: Encyclopedia Ii - White People - The Epistemological Challenge
The concept of a "White person" (or a "Black person") is scientifically useless. This does not mean that the terms are inaccurate, nor th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuro-linguistic Programming: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuro-linguistic Programming - Fundamentals
Neuro-linguistic programming - Presuppositions. The presuppositions of NLP are sometimes described as an epistemology [82][83][84][85]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Relativism: Encyclopedia Ii - Cultural Relativism - The Epistemological Origins Of Cultural Relativism
The epistemological claims that led to the development of cultural relativism have their origins in the German Enlightenment. The philoso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neuro-linguistic Programming: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuro-linguistic Programming - Fundamentals
Neuro-linguistic programming - Presuppositions. The presuppositions of NLP are sometimes described as an epistemology [81][82][83][84]   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā: Encyclopedia Ii - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā And Epistemology
The Madhyamakakārikā provides us with a theory of knowledge and a "critique of reason". Those who have read the text as a philosophy un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicureanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Epicureanism - The Novelties Of Epicureanism
Epicurean materialism is presented very simply, but anticipates a great deal of later scientific discovery in important respects. John Da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samkhya: Encyclopedia Ii - Samkhya - The Metaphysics Of Samkhya
Metaphysically, Samkhya maintains a radical duality between spirit/consciousness (Purusha) and matter (Prakrti). All physical events are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Internalism And Externalism: Encyclopedia Ii - Internalism And Externalism - Semantics
Semantic externalism comes in two flavours, depending on whether meaning is construed cognitively or linguistically. On a cognitive const...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epicureanism: Encyclopedia Ii - Epicureanism - Epicureanism And Religion
Epicureanism emphasizes the neutrality of gods on earth and that they do not interfere with the world we live in. It also states that god...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Probability Interpretations: Encyclopedia Ii - Probability Interpretations - Practical Controversy
The difference of view has also many implications for the methods by which statistics is practiced, and for the way in which conclusions ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Humanistic Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Humanistic Psychology - The Development Of The Field
The humanistic approach has its roots in existentialist thought (see Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre). It is also sometimes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Humanistic Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Humanistic Psychology - Counselling And Therapy
Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counselling and therapy, among these we find the categories mentioned by Aanstoos, S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Humanistic Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Humanistic Psychology - Criticism And Debate
Criticism of Humanistic psychology has come from several commentators. Among these we find sociologist Roy Wallis who has questioned the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Philosophy - Philosophical Areas Addressed In Buddhism
Buddhist philosophy - Epistemology. Decisive in distinguishing Buddhism from what is commonly called Hinduism is the issue of epistemol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyaya: Encyclopedia Ii - Nyaya - Theory Of Inference
The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality. It...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyaya: Encyclopedia Ii - Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory Of Causation
A cause is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wang Fuzhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Wang Fuzhi - Sources
Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam [edd] Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (1997: London, Routledge) ISBN 0-415-24038-7 Peter J....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nyaya: Encyclopedia Ii - Nyaya - Nyaya Proof For God
Early Naiyanikas wrote very little about God, ie., Ishvara (lit., the Supreme Lord). However, later Buddhists in India had become from ag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Ideology In Everyday Society
In public discussions, some ideas seem to arise more commonly than others. Indeed, often completely separate people may be found to think...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - History Of The Concept Of Ideology
Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - The Analysis Of Ideology
Meta-ideology is the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherant syst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - Political Ideologies
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical, set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wang Fuzhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Wang Fuzhi - Philosophical Work
Wang fu-zi is said to have written over a hundred books, but many of them have been lost; the remainder are collected as the Ch’uan-sha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The World As Will And Representation: Encyclopedia Ii - The World As Will And Representation - Relationship To Earlier Philosophical Work
The main body of the work states at the beginning that it assumes prior knowledge of Immanuel Kant's theories, and Schopenhauer is regard...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Belief: Encyclopedia Ii - Belief - Belief As A Psychological Theory
Mainstream psychology and related disciplines have traditionally treated belief as if it were the simplest form of mental representation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalism Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalism Philosophy - Methodological Naturalism Versus Ontological Naturalism
There is a distinct difference between a methodological assumption of naturalism and an ontological approach. Methodology relates to the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Idealism: Encyclopedia Ii - Idealism - Other Uses
In general parlance, "idealism" or "idealist" is also used to describe a person having high ideals, sometimes with the connotation that t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wang Fuzhi: Encyclopedia Ii - Wang Fuzhi - Life
Born to a scholarly family in Hengyang in Hunan province in 1619, Wang fu-zi began his education in the Chinese classic texts when very y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Metaphysics
Platonism has traditionally been interpreted as a form of metaphysical dualism, sometimes referred to as Platonic or Exaggerated Realism....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - The State
Plato's philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal state or government. There is some discrep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Bibliography
Plato's writings (most of them dialogues) have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the nami...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalism Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalism Philosophy - Naturalism And Philosophy Of Mind
There is currently some dispute over whether naturalism rules out certain areas of philosophy altogether, such as semantics, ethics, aest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Biography
Plato was born in Athens or Aegina in May or December in 428 BC or 427 BC. He was raised in a moderately well-to-do aristocratic family. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalism Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalism Philosophy - Criticism Of Naturalism
Critics of naturalism claim that the possibility of supernatural action is unnecessarily excluded by the current practices and theories o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Work
Plato - Themes. Unlike Socrates, Plato wrote down his philosophical views, leaving behind a considerable number of manuscripts. In Plat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalism Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalism Philosophy - Methodological Naturalism Versus Ontological Naturalism
There is a distinct difference between an ontological approach to naturalism and a methodological assumption of naturalism. Ontology is a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophical Skepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophical Skepticism - History Of Skepticism
Philosophical skepticism - In the ancient west. The Western tradition of systematic skepticism goes back at least as far as Pyrrho of E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophical Skepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophical Skepticism - Schools Of Philosophical Skepticism
Philosophical skepticism can be either the claim that we don't have knowledge, or that we can't have knowledge. It is one thing to say th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilles Deleuze: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilles Deleuze - Philosophy
Deleuze's work falls into two groups: on one hand, monographs interpreting modern philosophers (Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilles Deleuze: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilles Deleuze - Bibliography
By Gilles Deleuze: Empirisme et subjectivité (1953). Trans. Empiricism and Subjectivity. Nietzsche et la philosophie (1962). Trans. Nie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Platonic Scholarship
Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Bibliography
Plato's writings (most of them dialogues) have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the nami...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Work
Plato - Themes. Unlike Socrates, Plato wrote down his philosophical views, leaving behind a considerable number of manuscripts. In Plat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - Metaphysics
Platonism has traditionally been interpreted as a form of metaphysical dualism, sometimes referred to as Platonic or Exaggerated Realism....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plato: Encyclopedia Ii - Plato - The State
Plato's philosophical views had many societal implications, especially on the idea of an ideal state or government. There is some discrep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ideology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ideology - History Of The Concept Of Ideology
Perhaps the most accessible source for the original meaning of "ideology" is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Regime (first volume of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophical Skepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophical Skepticism - Objections To Philosophical Skepticism
First of all, in all three arguments -- Hume's, Descartes', and the circularity argument -- the claim is made that we can't prove somethi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philosophical Skepticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Philosophical Skepticism - Motivations For External World Skepticism
David Hume offers one argument as to why anyone would want to question the reliability of perception. Hume's argument basically says that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Contemporary Approaches
Much contemporary work in epistemology depends on the two categories: foundationalism and coherentism. Recently, Susan Haack has attempte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Justification
Much of epistemology has been concerned with seeking ways to justify beliefs. Epistemology - Irrationalism. Some approaches to justifyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - Justification
Much of epistemology has been concerned with seeking ways to justify beliefs. Epistemology - Irrationalism. Some approaches to justifyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epistemology: Encyclopedia Ii - Epistemology - A Priori Versus A Posteriori Knowledge
Western philosophers for centuries have distinguished between two kinds of knowledge: a priori and a posteriori knowledge. A priori know...   » Read the article