Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. Historically, it has been one of the most investigated and most debated of all philosophical subjects. Much of this debate has focused on analysing the nature and variety of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth and belief. Much of this discuss ...

Including:

• Epistemology - Definition of knowledge
• Epistemology - Justified true belief
• Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge
• Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge
• Epistemology - Knowledge and belief
• Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how
• Epistemology - Justification
• Epistemology - Irrationalism
• Epistemology - Rationality
• Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements
• Epistemology - Epistemological theories
• Epistemology - Empiricism
• Epistemology - Idealism
• Epistemology - Phenomenalism
• Epistemology - Pragmatism
• Epistemology - Rationalism
• Epistemology - Representationalism
• Epistemology - Relativism
• Epistemology - Skepticism
• Epistemology - Contemporary approaches
• Epistemology - Gettier

Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia - Epistemology

See also:

Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier

Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories

It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach. To do this, they argue that certain types of statements have a special epistemological status — that of not needing to be justified. So it is possible to classify epistemological theories according to the type of statement that each argues has this special status. Epistemology - Empiricism. Empiricists claim knowledge is a product of human experience. Statements of observations take pride of place in emp ...

See also:

Epistemology, Epistemology - Defining knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - Gettier cases and contemporary definitions of knowledge, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Defining 'belief' in Epistemology, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism

Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Epistemological theories

In modern epistemology internalism about justification is the idea that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief is immediately available in consciousness. Externalism in this context is the view that there are factors other than those which are internal to the believer which can affect the justificatory status of a belief. One strand of externalism is loosely called the causal theory of knowledge, and reliabilism is sometimes considered to be another strand. It is important to distinguish internalism about justification fr ...

See also:

Internalism and externalism, Internalism and externalism - Moral philosophy, Internalism and externalism - Epistemology, Internalism and externalism - Semantics, Internalism and externalism - Philosophy of mind

Read more here: » Internalism and externalism: Encyclopedia II - Internalism and externalism - Epistemology

This approach attempts to explain social life (the sociological behavior of organizations, groups, relationships, and interpersonal facts such as murder and art) solely with reference to variable aspects of social structure, such as the distribution of resources or degree of past interaction among participants, rather than to anything remotely psychological, such as wants, needs, beliefs, desire, preferences, meanings, intentions, hopes, choices, or anything else remotely individual. Pure Sociology is thus free from Psychology, ...

See also:

Pure sociology, Pure sociology - Epistemology, Pure sociology - Differences, Pure sociology - Practitioners

Read more here: » Pure sociology: Encyclopedia II - Pure sociology - Epistemology

In contemporary epistemology internalism about justification is the idea that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief is immediately available in consciousness. Externalism in this context is the view that there are factors other than those which are internal to the believer which can affect the justificatory status of a belief. One strand of externalism is loosely called the causal theory of knowledge, and reliabilism is sometimes considered to be another strand. It is important to distinguish internalism about justificat ...

See also:

Internalism and externalism, Internalism and externalism - Moral philosophy, Internalism and externalism - Epistemology, Internalism and externalism - Semantics, Internalism and externalism - Philosophy of mind

Read more here: » Internalism and externalism: Encyclopedia II - Internalism and externalism - Epistemology

James defined truth as that which works in the way of belief. "True ideas lead us into useful verbal and conceptual quarters as well as directly up to useful sensible termini. They lead to consistency, stability and flowing human intercourse" but "all true processes must lead to the face of directly verifying sensible experiences somewhere," he wrote. Pragmatism as a view of the meaning of truth is considered obsolete by many in contemporary philosophy, because the predominant trend of thinking in the years since James' death (1910) h ...

See also:

William James, William James - Early years, William James - Professional career, William James - Writings, William James - Epistemology, William James - Cash Value, William James - Philosophy of religion, William James - Cash Value of Religion, William James - Theory of emotion, William James - William James' bear, William James - Philosophy of history, William James - List of major works

Read more here: » William James: Encyclopedia II - William James - Epistemology

Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philosophy deals extensively with problems in metaphysics, phenomenology, ethics, and epistemology. Buddhist philosophy - Introduction. Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jai ...

Including:

• Buddhist philosophy - Introduction
• Buddhist philosophy - Philosophical areas addressed in Buddhism
• Buddhist philosophy - Epistemology
• Buddhist philosophy - Metaphysics and phenomenology
• Buddhist philosophy - Interpenetration
• Buddhist philosophy - Ethics
• Buddhist philosophy - Historical development of Buddhist philosophy
• Buddhist philosophy - Early development
• Buddhist philosophy - Later developments
• Buddhist philosophy - Comparison with other philosophies
• Buddhist philosophy - Some Buddhist philosophers

Read more here: » Buddhist philosophy

Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One of the prominent candidates is justified true belief. We know that, for something to count as knowledge, it must be true, and be believed to be true. Socrates argues that this is insufficient; in addition one must have a reason or justification for that belief. One implication of this definition is that one cannot be said to "know" something just ...

See also:

Epistemology, Epistemology - Definition of knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - The problem of defining knowledge, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Knowledge and belief, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Gettier

Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Definition of knowledge

Epistemology - Justified true belief. In Plato's dialogue the Theaetetus, Socrates considers a number of definitions of knowledge. One of the prominent candidates is justified true belief. We know that, for something to count as knowledge, it must be true, and be believed to be true (see section on defining belief in Epistemology, below). Socrates argues that this is insufficient; in addition one must have a ...

See also:

Epistemology, Epistemology - Defining knowledge, Epistemology - Justified true belief, Epistemology - Gettier cases and contemporary definitions of knowledge, Epistemology - Contemporary approaches, Epistemology - Defining 'belief' in Epistemology, Epistemology - Distinguishing knowing that from knowing how, Epistemology - A priori versus a posteriori knowledge, Epistemology - Justification, Epistemology - Irrationalism, Epistemology - Rationality, Epistemology - Synthetic and analytic statements, Epistemology - Epistemological theories, Epistemology - Empiricism, Epistemology - Idealism, Epistemology - Phenomenalism, Epistemology - Pragmatism, Epistemology - Rationalism, Epistemology - Representationalism, Epistemology - Relativism, Epistemology - Skepticism

Read more here: » Epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Epistemology - Defining knowledge

Constructivism is a recent development in philosophy which criticizes essentialism, whether it is in the form of medieval realism, classical rationalism, or empiricism. It originated in sociology under the term social constructionism and has been given the name constructivism when referring to philosophical epistemology, though constructionism and constructivism are often used interchangeably. Constructivism views all of our knowledge as "constructed," because it does not reflect any external "transcendent" realit ...

Including:

• Constructivist epistemology - Social Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Cultural Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Radical Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Critical Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Proponents

Read more here: » Constructivist epistemology: Encyclopedia - Constructivist epistemology

Virtue epistemology refers to any number of modern epistemological approaches which approach contemporary problems by means of the intellectual virtues, either conceived of as faculties or exemplary traits. For example, commonly accepted epistemic virtues include creativity, intellectual humility, and objectivity. Intellectual virtue has been a subject of philosophy since the works of Plato and Aristotle, but lately philosophers in the analytic tradition have sought to solve problems of especial concern to modern epistemology, such as justification and reliabilism, by throwing attention on ...

Including:

• Virtue epistemology - Partial Bibliogaphy for Virtue Epistemology
• Virtue epistemology - Notable proponents of Virtue Epistemology

Read more here: » Virtue epistemology: Encyclopedia - Virtue epistemology

In philosophy, contextualism describes a collection of views which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance or expression occurs, and argues that, in some important respect, the action, utterance or expression can only be understood within that context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P," "knowing that P," "having a reason to A," and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified context. Som ...

Including:

• Contextualism - Epistemology
• Contextualism - Philosophy of language
• Contextualism - Ethics
• Contextualism - Crimonology
• Contextualism - External link

Read more here: » Contextualism: Encyclopedia - Contextualism

Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Samkhya, also Sankhya, (Sanskrit: सांख्य) is a school of Indian philosophy, and is one of the six astika or Hindu philosophical schools of India. It is regarded as the oldest of the orthodox ...

Including:

• Samkhya - Epistemology
• Samkhya - The metaphysics of Samkhya

Read more here: » Samkhya: Encyclopedia - Samkhya

Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Nyaya (pronounced as "nyα:yə") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu ph ...

Including:

• Nyaya - Epistemology
• Nyaya - Theory of Inference
• Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation
• Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya
• Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God

Read more here: » Nyaya: Encyclopedia - Nyaya

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340–c. 270 BC), founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention. Following Aristippus—about whom very little is known—Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear through knowledge (ataraxia) as well as absence of pain ...

Including:

• Epicureanism - The novelties of Epicureanism
• Epicureanism - Epicureanism and religion
• Epicureanism - Epicurean epistemology
• Epicureanism - Famous epicureans
• Epicureanism - Modern usage and misconceptions

Read more here: » Epicureanism: Encyclopedia - Epicureanism

Belief in the psychological sense, is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude. In the religious sense, "belief" refers to a part of a wider spiritual or moral foundation, generally called faith; historically generated by a group's need to provide a functionally valid foundation to sustain them. The generally accepted faiths usually note that when oppressive states are generated by it being exercised, and not a fact of reality, it was ...

Including:

• Belief - Belief knowledge and epistemology
• Belief - Belief as a psychological theory
• Belief - Is belief voluntary?
• Belief - Delusional beliefs

Read more here: » Belief: Encyclopedia - Belief

Buddhist philosophy is the branch of Eastern philosophy based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BC - c. 483 BC). Buddhist philosophy deals extensively with problems in metaphysics, phenomenology, ethics, and epistemology. Buddhist philosophy - Introduction. Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jai ...

Including:

• Buddhist philosophy - Introduction
• Buddhist philosophy - Buddhism as philosophy?
• Buddhist philosophy - Philosophical areas addressed in Buddhism
• Buddhist philosophy - Epistemology
• Buddhist philosophy - Metaphysics and phenomenology
• Buddhist philosophy - Interpenetration
• Buddhist philosophy - Ethics
• Buddhist philosophy - Historical development of Buddhist philosophy
• Buddhist philosophy - Early development
• Buddhist philosophy - Later developments
• Buddhist philosophy - Comparison with other philosophies
• Buddhist philosophy - Some Buddhist philosophers

Read more here: » Buddhist philosophy: Encyclopedia - Buddhist philosophy

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. Plato lectured extensively at the Academy, and wrote on many philosophical issues. The most important writings of Plato are his dialogues, although a handful of epigrams also survive, and some letters have come down to us under his name. It is believed that all of Plato's authen ...

Including:

• Plato - Biography
• Plato - Work
• Plato - Themes
• Plato - Form and basis
• Plato - Metaphysics
• Plato - Epistemology
• Plato - The state
• Plato - Platonic scholarship
• Plato - Bibliography
• Plato - By tetralogy
• Plato - Stephanus pagination
• Plato - Loeb Classical Library

Read more here: » Plato: Encyclopedia - Plato

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. ...

See also:

Eastern epistemology, Eastern epistemology - Jain Epistemology, Eastern epistemology - Hindu Epistemology, Eastern epistemology - Buddhist Epistemology, Eastern epistemology - Other Indian schools of thought

Read more here: » Eastern epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Eastern epistemology - Hindu Epistemology