Epaminondas

Messinia - Television. Notioi Elliniki Teleorasi, lit. the Southern Greece Television ...

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The earliest know depiction of a phalanx-like formation occurs in a Sumerian stele. In this particular instance the troops seem to have been equipped with spears, helmets, and large shields covering the whole body. Egyptian infantry were also known to have employed similar formations. However, historians have not arrived at a consensus regarding the relationship between the Greek formation and these antecessors; the principles of shield wall and spear hedge were almost universally known among the armies of major civilizations throughout history, and as such it is impossible to reject the possibility that the similarities were due to conv ...

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Phalanx formation, Phalanx formation - Origins, Phalanx formation - Operation, Phalanx formation - Demise, Phalanx formation - Revival

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While the phalanx formation was formidable, and nearly indestructible from the front, the formation was very slow when maneuvering, and could not, of itself, protect its flanks, nor its rear, because it was a terribly slow moving formation and when once engaged, could not disengage, or remaneuver itself. Therefore, when the Phalanx was flanked (attacked from either the left or right side) it was rendered nearly defenseless. We see this at the battle of Pydna in which the Macedonian phalanx, when engaged against the Roman infantry, was destroyed once it was outflanked by cavalry, simply because it ...

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Phalanx formation, Phalanx formation - Origins, Phalanx formation - Operation, Phalanx formation - Demise, Phalanx formation - Revival

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The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Balkan peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion. The period from 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is described in History of Mycenaean Greece known for the reign of King Agamemnon and the wars against Troy as narrated in the epics of Homer. The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is a "dark age" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as Herodotu ...

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Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

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Climate may vary, in the lowlands, temperatures are a bit warmer than Athens. Snow is not common during winter months except for the mountains expecially the Taygetus. Rain and clouds are common inland. For one day in July 2000, morning temperatures were at the 37°C point in many areas. ...

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In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid. In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek army led by the Athenian general Miltiades. The burial mound ...

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Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

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Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Warriors. Notable ancient Greek warriors who had same-sex love relationships: Aristomenes - Prince of the Messenians and Arcadians Cimon - leader of the Delian League forces and the Athenian navy, gained notoriety in the Persian Wars Asopichus - great warrior and lover of Epaminondas Caphisodorus - warrior and lover of Epaminondas whom he died with at the Battle of Mantineia Cleomachus - led Chalcis to victory in the Lelantine Wars ...

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Homosexuality in ancient Greece, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Sapphic love, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Love between adult men, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - In the military, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historical and religious aspects, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Examples, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Warriors, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Mythology, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historians, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Pederasty

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Many believe the first recorded appearance of such desire was in the Iliad (800 BC). The intentions of the Iliad have been a subject of much debate. An abundance of evidence exists that by the beginning of the Hellenistic era (480 BC) the Iliad’s heroes Achilles and Patroclus were icons of male homosexuality. Unlike the modern construction of homosexuality, such relationships were not seen as markers of identity but as activities that some engaged in. The ancient Greeks made efforts to establish a ...

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Homosexuality in ancient Greece, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Sapphic love, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Love between adult men, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - In the military, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historical and religious aspects, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Examples, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Warriors, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Mythology, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historians, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Pederasty

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Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Warriors. Notable ancient Greek warriors who had same-sex love relationships: Aristomenes - Prince of the Messenians and Arcadians Cimon - leader of the Delian League forces and the Athenian navy, gained notoriety in the Persian Wars Asopichus - great warrior and lover of Epaminondas Caphisodorus - warrior and lover of Epaminondas whom he died with at the Battle of Mantineia Cleomachus - led Chalcis to victory in ...

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Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Greek city-states, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Social aspects, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Historical and religious aspects, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Examples, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Warriors, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Mythology, Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece - Historians

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In the premodern and modern west their equivocal status has made pederastic relationships hard to document, since it was in the interest of both participants to keep the relationship secret. Another obstacle to the documentation of such relationships has been the destruction of "incriminating" personal and public records, either to "preserve the honor" of the individuals involved, or as retribution against their perceceived transgressions. Some examples of this destruction of personal records by solicitous next-of-kin are the burning ...

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Historical pederastic couples, Historical pederastic couples - Problematics of the pederastic record, Historical pederastic couples - Typology of relationships, Historical pederastic couples - Known or presumed pederastic couples, Historical pederastic couples - Antiquity, Historical pederastic couples - Middle Ages, Historical pederastic couples - Pre-modern period, Historical pederastic couples - 20th and 21st centuries, Historical pederastic couples - Sources

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In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The proximate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), in which Athens intervened. The obviate cause was the growing resentment of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military pow ...

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Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

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Sappho, a poet from the island of Lesbos, was mistress of a school of girls and wrote love poems to many of her young students, with whom she often fell in love and who often reciprocated her feelings. She is thought to have written close to 12,000 lines of poetry on her love for other women. Of these, only about 600 lines have survived concerted efforts to obliterate her works. As a result of her fame in antiquity, she and her land have become emblematic of love between women. In general, the historical record of same-sex love between women is sparse. Thi ...

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Homosexuality in ancient Greece, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Sapphic love, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Love between adult men, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - In the military, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historical and religious aspects, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Examples, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Warriors, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Mythology, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Historians, Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Pederasty

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The history of the Byzantine Empire is described by scholar August Heisenberg as the history "of the Roman state of the Greek nation, that turned Christian". The division of the empire into East and West and the subsequent collapse of the Western Roman Empire were developments that constantly accentuated the position of the Greeks in the empire and eventually allowed them to become identified with it altogether. The leading role of Constantinople began when Constantine the Great turned Byzantium into the new capital of the Roman Empire, henc ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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Poets write of pederasty from the earliest eras to the end of the Hellenistic era. Five philosophical dialogues debate its ethical implications. Notable scholars and writers such as Plato, Xenophon, Plutarch, and pseudo-Lucian would discuss the topic. Tragedies on the theme became very popular. Aristophanes made comical theater about sexual relationships between men and youths. The famous poets Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar and of course Sappho all wrot ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The Ottomans ruled Greece until the early 19th century. In 1821, the Greeks rebelled in the Greek War of Independence and declared their independence, but did not succeed until 1829. The elites of powerful European nations saw the war of Greek independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light (see, for example, the 1824 painting Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix). Scores of non-Greeks volunteered to fight for the cause—including, for example Lord Byron—and indeed at times the Ottomans seemed on the po ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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The ethical views held in those societies (such as Athens, Thebes, Crete, Sparta, Elis, and others) on the practice of pederasty have been explored by scholars only since the end of the nineteenth century. One of the first to do so was John Addington Symonds, who wrote his seminal work A Problem in Greek Ethics in 1873, but had to wait twenty eight years to be able to publish it (in revised form) in 1901 [5]. Edward Carpenter expanded the scope of the study, with his 1914 work, Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk. The text examines homoerotic practices of all types, not only pede ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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The history of the Byzantine Empire is described by scholar August Heisenberg as the history "of the Roman state of the Greek nation, that turned Christian". The division of the empire into East and West and the subsequent collapse of the Western Roman Empire were developments that constantly accentuated the position of the Greeks in the empire and eventually allowed them to become identified with it altogether. The leading role of Constantinople began when Constantine the Great turned Byzantium into the new capital of the Roman Empire, henceforth to be known as Constantinople, placing the city at the centre of Hellenism a ...

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History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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Ancient Phocis was about 1,619 km² (625 mi²) in area, bounded on the west by Ozolian Locris and Doris, on the north by Opuntian Locris, on the east by Boeotia, and on the south by the Gulf of Corinth. The massive ridge of Parnassus (2,459 m/8,068 ft), which traverses the heart of the country, divides it into two distinct portions. Being neither rich in material resources nor well placed for commercial enterprise, Phocis was mainly pastoral. No large cities grew up within its territory, and its chief places ...

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Mycenaean Greece, also known as Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece. It lasted from the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean around 1600 BC to the collapse of their Bronze Age civilization around 1100 BC. It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeastern Argolid, in the Peloponnesos of southern Greece. Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites.

History of Greece, History of Greece - Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece, History of Greece - Mycenaean Greece Bronze Age, History of Greece - Greek Dark Ages, History of Greece - Ancient Greece, History of Greece - Hellenistic Greece, History of Greece - Roman Period, History of Greece - Medieval Greece, History of Greece - Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece, History of Greece - Creation of the Modern Greek State

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Myths provide more than fifty examples of young men who were the lovers of gods (Sergent). Poets and traditions ascribe Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, Orpheus, Hercules, Dionysus, Hermes, and Pan to such love. All the main gods of the pantheon except Ares had these relationships. Mythographic material suggests that the initiate experienced ecstatic states of spirit journey leading to mystic death and transfiguration, analogous to practices still reported today in shamanic work. If so, by the fifth century the Greeks had forgotten the ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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Ancient sources suggest a range of sexual activity. Cicero, describing Spartan customs, suggests that relations were expected to stop short of consummation, "The Lacedaemonians, while they permit all things except outrage [hybris, "rape"] in the love of youths, certainly distinguish the forbidden by a thin wall of partition from the sanctioned, for they allow embraces and a common couch to lovers.' (De Rep., iv. 4) On the other hand, one Athenian term for sodomy was "to do it the Lacedemonian way." Literary sources are a lot more risq ...

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Pederasty in ancient Greece, Pederasty in ancient Greece - History, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Philosophical discourses, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Social Aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Educational and military aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Military function, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sexual aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Religious aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Political aspects, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Crete, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Thebes, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Sparta, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Athens, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Influence on literature and the arts, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Alcaeus Anacreon Ibycus, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Theognis of Megara, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Ceremonies and proverbs, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Modern scholarship, Pederasty in ancient Greece - Footnotes

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Naupactus - Television. Nafpaktos TV, formerly Lepanto Lychnos - religious ...

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