enriched uranium

The CANDU reactor is a pressurized-heavy water,(PHWR) natural uranium (i.e. unenriched) power reactor designed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (now known as Ontario Power Generation), as well as several private industry participants. The acronym "CANDU", a registered trademark of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, stands for "CANada Deuterium Uranium". This is a reference to its deuterium oxide (heavy water) moderator and its u ...

Including:

• CANDU reactor - Design features
• CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns
• CANDU reactor - Measures that address concerns
• CANDU reactor - Notes

Read more here: » CANDU reactor: Encyclopedia - CANDU reactor

A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium. This releases neutron radiation which is highly dangerous to surrounding personnel and which causes induced radioactivity in the surroundings. When such incidents occur outside reactor cores and test facilities where fission is intended to occur, they pose a high risk both of injury or death to su ...

Including:

• Criticality accident - Cause
• Criticality accident - Description
• Criticality accident - Confusion with Cherenkov radiation and other effects
• Criticality accident - Records

Read more here: » Criticality accident: Encyclopedia - Criticality accident

The nucleus of an atom is the very dense region in its center consisting of protons and neutrons. The size of the nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom itself, and almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons with almost no contribution from the electrons. Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Makeup. The nucleus of an atom is made up of very tightly bound protons and neutrons. The electromagnetic force which causes like charges to repel prevents protons from binding together wi ...

Including:

• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Makeup
• Atomic nucleus - Isotopes
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Decay
• Atomic nucleus - Nucleus Size
• Atomic nucleus - History
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fusion
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fission
• Atomic nucleus - Production of Heavy Elements
• Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Physics

Read more here: » Atomic nucleus: Encyclopedia - Atomic nucleus

Uranium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol U and atomic number 92. Heavy, silvery-white, toxic, metallic, naturally radioactive, pyrophoric, and teratogenic uranium belongs to the actinide series and its isotope 235U is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and the explosive material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is used in incindiary projectile weapons. Uranium is commonly found in very small amounts in rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals (including humans). Uranium - ...

Including:

• Uranium - Notable characteristics
• Uranium - Applications
• Uranium - History
• Uranium - Military applications
• Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining
• Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining
• Uranium - Risks of uranium mining
• Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy
• Uranium - Compounds
• Uranium - Occurrence
• Uranium - Production and distribution
• Uranium - Isotopes
• Uranium - Precautions

Read more here: » Uranium: Encyclopedia - Uranium

Initial studies of homogeneous reactors took place toward the close of World War II. It pained chemists to see precisely fabricated solid-fuel elements of heterogeneous reactors eventually dissolved in acids to remove fission products—the "ashes" of a nuclear reaction. Chemical engineers hoped to design liquid-fuel reactors that would dispense with the costly destruction and processing of solid fuel elements. The formation of gas bubbles in liquid fuels and the corrosive attack on materials, howev ...

See also:

Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor, Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor - History, Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor - The ARGUS reactor, Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor - Other Research

Read more here: » Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor: Encyclopedia II - Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor - History

Khan established the Engineering Research Laboratories at Kahuta in July 1976, subsequently renamed as the Dr. A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), as the focal point for developing a uranium enrichment capability. KRL also took on many other weapons projects, including the development of the nuclear-capable Ghauri ballistic missiles. KRL occupied a unique role in Pakistani industry, reporting directly to the Prime Minister's office, and having extremely close relations with the military: former prime minister Benazir Bhutto has said that during ...

See also:

Abdul Qadeer Khan, Abdul Qadeer Khan - Early career, Abdul Qadeer Khan - Development of nuclear weapons, Abdul Qadeer Khan - Investigations into nuclear proliferation, Abdul Qadeer Khan - Khan and the Iranian nuclear programme, Abdul Qadeer Khan - U.S. reaction to the pardon, Abdul Qadeer Khan - References and links

Read more here: » Abdul Qadeer Khan: Encyclopedia II - Abdul Qadeer Khan - Development of nuclear weapons

There are two basic types of nuclear weapons. The first are weapons which produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions alone. These are known as colloquially as atomic bombs or A-bombs. In fission weapons, a mass of fissile material (enriched uranium or plutonium) is rapidly assembled into a critical mass, in which a chain reaction begins and grows exponentially, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This is accomplished by rapidly creating supercriticality, either by shooting one piece of subcritical mate ...

See also:

Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons, Nuclear weapon - Effects of a nuclear explosion, Nuclear weapon - Nuclear strategy, Nuclear weapon - Weapons delivery, Nuclear weapon - History, Nuclear weapon - Media

Read more here: » Nuclear weapon: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons

• 28 Anthony Buckeridge • 26 Naomi Shemer • 26 Yash Johar • 22 Bob Bemer • 22 Thomas Gold • 22 Francisco Ortiz Franco • 16 Thanom Kittikachorn • 10 Ray Charles • 5 Ronald Reagan • 3 Frances Shand Kydd • 1 William Manchester Other recent deaths June 2004 - Ongoing events. UEFA Euro 2004 Reconstruction of Iraq – Occupation & Resistance Israeli-Palestinian conflict Liberal Party of Canada scand ...

See also:

June 2004, June 2004 - Events, June 2004 - Deaths in June, June 2004 - Ongoing events, June 2004 - Election results in June, June 2004 - Related pages, June 2004 - June 30 2004, June 2004 - June 29 2004, June 2004 - June 28 2004, June 2004 - June 27 2004, June 2004 - June 26 2004, June 2004 - June 25 2004, June 2004 - June 24 2004, June 2004 - June 23 2004, June 2004 - June 22 2004, June 2004 - June 21 2004, June 2004 - June 20 2004, June 2004 - June 19 2004, June 2004 - June 18 2004, June 2004 - June 17 2004, June 2004 - June 16 2004, June 2004 - June 15 2004, June 2004 - June 14 2004, June 2004 - June 13 2004, June 2004 - June 12 2004, June 2004 - June 11 2004, June 2004 - June 10 2004, June 2004 - June 9 2004, June 2004 - June 8 2004, June 2004 - June 7 2004, June 2004 - June 6 2004, June 2004 - June 5 2004, June 2004 - June 4 2004, June 2004 - June 2 2004, June 2004 - June 1 2004, June 2004 - Events by month, June 2004 - News collections and sources

Read more here: » June 2004: Encyclopedia II - June 2004 - Events

There are two basic types of nuclear weapons. The first are weapons which produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reactions. These are known as colloquially as atomic bombs or A-bombs. In fission weapons, a mass of fissile material (enriched uranium or plutonium) is rapidly assembled into a critical mass, in which a chain reaction begins and grows exponentially, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This is accomplished by rapidly creating supercriticality, either by shooting one piece of subcritical material i ...

See also:

Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons, Nuclear weapon - Effects of a nuclear explosion, Nuclear weapon - Nuclear strategy, Nuclear weapon - Weapons delivery, Nuclear weapon - History, Nuclear weapon - Media

Read more here: » Nuclear weapon: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons

In his July 14, 2003 column, Novak wrote that the choice to use Wilson "was made routinely at a low level without [CIA] Director George Tenet's knowledge." Novak went on to identify Plame as Wilson's wife: "Wilson never worked for the CIA, but his wife, Valerie Plame, is an Agency operative on weapons of mass destruction. Two senior administration officials told me Wilson's wife suggested sending him to Niger to investigate the Italian report. The bipartisan Senate Intelligence report states that a CIA official told the Senate committee that Pla ...

See also:

Plame affair, Plame affair - Background, Plame affair - Wilson's investigation and critical editorial, Plame affair - Robert Novak article, Plame affair - Claim of Plame-Wilson conspiracy, Plame affair - Response to the article, Plame affair - Novak defends his column, Plame affair - Responses of the Bush administration, Plame affair - Novak's sources, Plame affair - Justice Department investigation, Plame affair - Time line of Plame affair, Plame affair - CIA calls for leak investigation, Plame affair - Contempt of court: Miller Cooper, Plame affair - Karl Rove, Plame affair - Other journalists with early knowledge, Plame affair - Air Force One memo, Plame affair - Indictments, Plame affair - Reactions to the controversy, Plame affair - White House reactions, Plame affair - Congressional reactions, Plame affair - Reactions of former CIA officers, Plame affair - Public opinion, Plame affair - Criticism of Plame/Wilson, Plame affair - Regarding Wilson's trip to Niger, Plame affair - Regarding Plame's CIA job allegedly being widely known, Plame affair - Regarding Plame's status as covert, Plame affair - Criticism of Patrick Fitzgerald, Plame affair - Legal questions, Plame affair - Intelligence Identities Protection Act, Plame affair - Espionage Act, Plame affair - Theft of Government Property, Plame affair - Conspiracy to Impede or Injure Officer, Plame affair - The Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement, Plame affair - Other laws and precedents, Plame affair - Actual damage caused, Plame affair - Conspiracy theories, Plame affair - CIA conspiracy, Plame affair - Saudi conspiracy interpretation, Plame affair - Notes

Read more here: » Plame affair: Encyclopedia II - Plame affair - Robert Novak article

One economic disadvantage of the CANDU reactor design is the initial, one-time cost of the heavy water, although this high capital-cost penalty is generally offset by the CANDU reactor's lower fuelling cost compared to other designs, since it does not require enriched uranium. CANDU reactors require the purest grade of heavy water (better than 99.75% pure2). Tonnes of this expensive material are required to fill a CANDU's calandria and heat transport system. High-purity heavy water is expensive because heavy water i ...

See also:

CANDU reactor, CANDU reactor - Design features, CANDU reactor - Chronology, CANDU reactor - Active CANDU reactors, CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns, CANDU reactor - Measures that address concerns, CANDU reactor - Notes

Read more here: » CANDU reactor: Encyclopedia II - CANDU reactor - Economic and political concerns

The use of uranium, in its natural oxide form, dates back to at least AD 79, when it was used to add a yellow colour to ceramic glazes (yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found near Naples, Italy). The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth who in 1789 found uranium as part of the mineral called pitchblende. It was named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel. It was first isolated as a metal in 1841 by Eugene-Melchior Peligot. In 1850 ...

See also:

Uranium, Uranium - Notable characteristics, Uranium - Applications, Uranium - History, Uranium - Military applications, Uranium - Uranium exploration and mining, Uranium - Rise stagnation and possible renaissance of uranium mining, Uranium - Risks of uranium mining, Uranium - Codenames tuballoy and oralloy, Uranium - Compounds, Uranium - Occurrence, Uranium - Production and distribution, Uranium - Isotopes, Uranium - Precautions

Read more here: » Uranium: Encyclopedia II - Uranium - History

The discovery of the electron was the first indication that the atom had internal structure. At the turn of the 20th century the accepted model of the atom was JJ Thomson's "plum pudding" model in which the atom was a large positively charged ball with small negatively charged electrons embedded inside of it. By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation coming from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Experiments in 1911 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, and by James Chadwick in 1914 di ...

See also:

Atomic nucleus, Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Makeup, Atomic nucleus - Isotopes, Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Decay, Atomic nucleus - Nucleus Size, Atomic nucleus - History, Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fusion, Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Fission, Atomic nucleus - Production of Heavy Elements, Atomic nucleus - Nuclear Physics

Read more here: » Atomic nucleus: Encyclopedia II - Atomic nucleus - History

• 30 Pierre Berton • 29 John Drew Barrymore • 26 Bill Alley • 24 Arthur Hailey • 23 Rafael Eitan • 18 Bobby Frank Cherry • 16 John Morgan • 13 Russell Jones • 12 Mike Smith • 11 Yasser Arafat • 9 Iris Chang • 9 Emlyn Hughes • 7 Howard Keel • 7 Gibson Kente • 6 Fred Dibnah • 2 Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan • 2 Theo van GoghSee also:

November 2004, November 2004 - Events, November 2004 - Deaths in November, November 2004 - Ongoing events, November 2004 - Ongoing armed conflicts, November 2004 - Election results in November, November 2004 - Ongoing trials, November 2004 - Related pages, November 2004 - November 30 2004, November 2004 - November 29 2004, November 2004 - November 28 2004, November 2004 - November 27 2004, November 2004 - November 26 2004, November 2004 - November 25 2004, November 2004 - November 24 2004, November 2004 - November 23 2004, November 2004 - November 22 2004, November 2004 - November 21 2004, November 2004 - November 20 2004, November 2004 - November 19 2004, November 2004 - November 18 2004, November 2004 - November 17 2004, November 2004 - November 16 2004, November 2004 - November 15 2004, November 2004 - November 14 2004, November 2004 - November 13 2004, November 2004 - November 12 2004, November 2004 - November 11 2004, November 2004 - November 10 2004, November 2004 - November 9 2004, November 2004 - November 8 2004, November 2004 - November 7 2004, November 2004 - November 6 2004, November 2004 - November 5 2004, November 2004 - November 4 2004, November 2004 - November 3 2004, November 2004 - November 2 2004, November 2004 - November 1 2004, November 2004 - Events by month, November 2004 - News collections and sources

Read more here: » November 2004: Encyclopedia II - November 2004 - Events

Even though U.S. President George W. Bush had named North Korea as part of an "Axis of Evil" following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks, U.S. officials stated that the United States was not planning any immediate military action. Diplomatic efforts at resolving the North Korean situation are complicated by the different goals and interests of the nations of the region. While none of the parties desire a North Korea with nuclear weapons, South Korea and Japan are very concerned about North Korean counterstrikes in case of milit ...

See also:

North Korea and weapons of mass destruction, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Background and the North Korean perspective, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Plutonium, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Enriched uranium, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Delivery systems, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Biological and chemical weapons, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and North Korea, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Chronology of events

Read more here: » North Korea and weapons of mass destruction: Encyclopedia II - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and North Korea

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - First pillar: non-proliferation. Five states are permitted by the NPT to own nuclear weapons: the United States (signed 1968), United Kingdom (1968), France (1992), Soviet Union (1968; obligations and rights assumed by Russia), and the People's Republic of China (1992). These were the only states possessing such weapons at that time, and are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. These 5 Nuclear Weapons States (NWS) agree not to transfer nuclear weapons technology to other states, and the ...

See also:

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Treaty pillars, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - First pillar: non-proliferation, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Second pillar: disarmament, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Third pillar: the right to peacefully use nuclear technology, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - History, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - United States-NATO nuclear weapons sharing, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - India Pakistan Israel, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - North Korea, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Iran, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Leaving the Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Future, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Parties to the treaty

Read more here: » Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Treaty pillars

There are two techniques for assembling a supercritical mass. Broadly speaking, one brings two sub-critical masses together and the other compresses a sub-critical mass into a supercritical one. Nuclear weapon design - Gun method. Main articles: Gun-type fission weapon, and [[{{{2}}}]], See also:

Nuclear weapon design, Nuclear weapon design - Fission weapons, Nuclear weapon design - Critical mass, Nuclear weapon design - Enriched materials, Nuclear weapon design - Efficiency, Nuclear weapon design - Combination methods, Nuclear weapon design - Gun method, Nuclear weapon design - Implosion method, Nuclear weapon design - Comparison of the two methods, Nuclear weapon design - Practical limitations of the fission bomb, Nuclear weapon design - Fusion weapons, Nuclear weapon design - Boosting, Nuclear weapon design - Staged thermonuclear weapons, Nuclear weapon design - Advanced thermonuclear weapons designs, Nuclear weapon design - Miniaturization, Nuclear weapon design - Stockpile stewardship

Read more here: » Nuclear weapon design: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear weapon design - Combination methods

In his July 14, 2003 column, Novak wrote that the choice to use Wilson "was made routinely at a low level without [CIA] Director George Tenet's knowledge." Novak went on to identify Plame as Wilson's wife: "Wilson never worked for the CIA, but his wife, Valerie Plame, is an Agency operative on weapons of mass destruction. Two senior administration officials told me Wilson's wife suggested sending him to Niger to investigate the Italian report. The bipartisan Senate Intelligence report states that a CIA official told the Senate committee that Pla ...

See also:

Plame affair, Plame affair - Background, Plame affair - Wilson's investigation and critical editorial, Plame affair - Robert Novak article, Plame affair - Claim of Plame-Wilson conspiracy, Plame affair - Response to the article, Plame affair - Novak defends his column, Plame affair - Responses of the Bush administration, Plame affair - Novak's sources, Plame affair - Justice Department investigation, Plame affair - Time line of Plame affair, Plame affair - CIA calls for leak investigation, Plame affair - Contempt of court: Miller Cooper, Plame affair - Karl Rove, Plame affair - Other journalists with early knowledge, Plame affair - Air Force One memo, Plame affair - Indictments, Plame affair - Reactions to the controversy, Plame affair - White House reactions, Plame affair - Congressional reactions, Plame affair - Reactions of former CIA officers, Plame affair - Public opinion, Plame affair - Criticism of Plame/Wilson, Plame affair - Regarding Wilson's Trip to Niger, Plame affair - Regarding Plame's CIA Job Allegedly Being Widely Known, Plame affair - Regarding Plame's Status as 'Covert', Plame affair - Criticism of Patrick Fitzgerald, Plame affair - Legal questions, Plame affair - Intelligence Identities Protection Act, Plame affair - Espionage Act, Plame affair - Theft of Government Property, Plame affair - Conspiracy to Impede or Injure Officer, Plame affair - The Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement, Plame affair - Other laws and precedents, Plame affair - Actual damage caused, Plame affair - Conspiracy theories, Plame affair - CIA conspiracy, Plame affair - Saudi conspiracy interpretation, Plame affair - Notes

Read more here: » Plame affair: Encyclopedia II - Plame affair - Robert Novak article

All isotopes and compounds of plutonium are toxic and radioactive. While plutonium is sometimes described in media reports as "the most toxic substance known to man", there is general agreement among experts in the field that this is incorrect. As of 2003, there has yet to be a single human death officially attributed to plutonium exposure. Naturally-occurring radium is about 200 times more radiotoxic than plutonium, and some organic toxins like Botulin toxin are still more toxic. Botulin toxin, in particular, has ...

See also:

Plutonium, Plutonium - Notable characteristics, Plutonium - Applications, Plutonium - History, Plutonium - Occurrence, Plutonium - Manufacture, Plutonium - Compounds, Plutonium - Allotropes, Plutonium - Isotopes, Plutonium - Precautions

Read more here: » Plutonium: Encyclopedia II - Plutonium - Precautions

While almost all plutonium is manufactured synthetically, extremely tiny trace amounts are found naturally in uranium ores. These come about by a process of neutron capture by 238U nuclei, initially forming 239U; two subsequent beta decays then form 239Pu (with a 239Np intermediary), which has a half-life of 24,100 years. This is also the process used to manufacture 239Pu in nuclear reactors. Some traces of 244Pu remain from the birth of the solar system from waste of supernovae, because its ha ...

See also:

Plutonium, Plutonium - Notable characteristics, Plutonium - Applications, Plutonium - History, Plutonium - Occurrence, Plutonium - Manufacture, Plutonium - Compounds, Plutonium - Allotropes, Plutonium - Isotopes, Plutonium - Precautions

Read more here: » Plutonium: Encyclopedia II - Plutonium - Occurrence