A different interpretation of republicanism is used among political scientists. To them a republic is the rule by many and by laws while a princedom is the arbitrary rule by one. By this definition despotic states are not republics while, according to some such as Kant, constitutional monarchies can be. Kant also argues that a pure democracy is not a republic as the unrestricted rule of the majority is also a form of despotism. ...

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Republicanism, Republicanism - Anti-monarchial republicanism, Republicanism - Early History, Republicanism - Modern History, Republicanism - Republicanism in political science, Republicanism - Classical antecedents, Republicanism - Civic humanism, Republicanism - Enlightenment republicanism, Republicanism - Modern republicanism

Read more here: » Republicanism: Encyclopedia II - Republicanism - Republicanism in political science

See also:

Republicanism, Republicanism - Anti-monarchial republicanism, Republicanism - Early History, Republicanism - Modern History, Republicanism - Republicanism in political science, Republicanism - Classical antecedents, Republicanism - Civic humanism, Republicanism - Enlightenment republicanism, Republicanism - Modern republicanism

Read more here: » Republicanism: Encyclopedia II - Republicanism - Anti-monarchial republicanism

The Western intellectual history of term "enlightenment" is the basis for the secular idea that relates to a localized, religion-specific "enlightenment". It also attempts to bridge the traditional gap between religions and religious belief and psychological science. In this secular sense, 'the enlightened' are those who are not distracted by their thoughts but who stay focused —resisting the natural tendency to be come 'lost' in thinking about experience (rather than experiencing the present). This focus is called 'awareness ...

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Enlightenment concept, Enlightenment concept - Definition, Enlightenment concept - Seeking enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Kant's definition of enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Adorno's and Horkheimer's definition of enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - Enlightenment in Western civilization, Enlightenment concept - The Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment concept - People who have been said to be enlightened

Read more here: » Enlightenment concept: Encyclopedia II - Enlightenment concept - Definition

This FAQ gives a background on the phenomenon of kundalini. Part II of III.

In Part II: 1) Can I just use kundalini yoga simply to improve my health?, 2)

Is there any scientific basis for kundalini and the cakras?, 3) Do I really have to believe that all these cakras physically exist?, 4) Is Chinese qi gong a kind of kundalini yoga?, 5) What about Tibetan Buddhism - has kundalini been known in Tibet?, 6) Are there any other traditions that show awareness of kundalini?, 7)So how do I awaken kundalini?, 8) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using effort to awaken kundalini?

Read more here: » Kundalini FAQ: What is Kundalini? (part II of III) -

Many factors point at a difficult time ahead with the risk of social, economical, political and last but not least environmental crisis due to the exploration of our Planet. Parallelly, there are many who suggest that we are now on the verge of a transition into a new World, a golden Age.

Read more here: » Spiritual Awakening: Future transitions

What is the difference between Science and Spirituality?

Kalki, or Sri Kalki Bhagavan, the founder of Golden Age Foundation, is considered to be the Kalki Avatar capable of bringing enlightenment and to introduce the Golden Age. Here he is commenting on the Difference between Science and Spirituality.

Read more here: » Kalki on the Difference between Science and Spirituality

Presentation of the Spiritual Reatreats in The Golden City.

Read more here: » Spiritual Retreats - A retreat for Enlightenment

The Characteristica Universalis or "Universal Character" was the peak of Gottfried Leibniz's Enlightenment project. This intended pasigraphy might have been a written ideographic language, rather than spoken, perhaps based on a rationalisation of supposed principles of Chinese characters as Europeans were familiar to them in the seventeenth century. With this Leibniz aimed to produce a universal symbolism and language of science, mathematics and metaphysics which could be used with his Calculus Ratiocinator. These symbol ...

Including:

• Characteristica universalis - Controversy and conspiracy
• Characteristica universalis - Related projects
• Characteristica universalis - Contemporary ideas
• Characteristica universalis - External references

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Consilience, or the unity of knowledge (literally a "jumping together" of knowledge), has its roots in the ancient Greek concept of an intrinsic orderliness that governs our cosmos, inherently comprehensible by logical process, a vision at odds with mystical views in many cultures that surrounded the Hellenes. The rational view was recovered during the high Middle Ages, separated from theology during the Renaissance and found its apogee in the Age of Enlightenment. Then, with the rise of the modern sciences, the sense of unity gradual ...

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Holism in science, sometimes called the new science, is a scientific paradigm or approach to science in which the results of scientific research are viewed in a holistic manner, a departure from the reductive approach typical of scientific endeavor since the Enlightenment. Further information: Holism in science, and [[]], and See also:

Holism, Holism - Holism in sociology, Holism - Responses to holism, Holism - Holism in science, Holism - Holistic healing

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The word science comes from the Latin word, scientia, which means knowledge; thus the phrase scientia potentia est: knowledge is power. Until the Enlightenment, the word science (or its Latin cognate) meant any systematic or exact, recorded knowledge. Science therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that philosophy had at that time. It should be noted that in (at least) German, Finnish, and Scandinavian languages, the word corresponding "science" (German Wissenschaft) st ...

See also:

Science, Science - What is science?, Science - Scientific method, Science - Philosophy of science, Science - Mathematics and the scientific method, Science - Goals of science, Science - Locations of science, Science - Science and social concerns, Science - Scientific literature, Science - Fields of science, Science - Natural sciences, Science - Social sciences, Science - Holistic interdisciplinary and applied sciences, Science - Environmental sciences, Science - Etymology, Science - External articles and references, Science - Textbooks, Science - News and articles, Science - Resources, Science - Further reading

Read more here: » Science: Encyclopedia II - Science - Etymology

The word science comes from the Latin word, scientia, which means knowledge; thus the phrase scientia potentia est: knowledge is power. Until the Enlightenment, the word science (or its Latin cognate) meant any systematic or exact, recorded knowledge. Science therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that philosophy had at that time. It should be noted that in (at least) German, Finnish, and Scandinavian languages, the word corresponding "science" (German Wissenschaft) st ...

See also:

Science, Science - What is science?, Science - Etymology, Science - Scientific method, Science - Philosophy of science, Science - Mathematics and the scientific method, Science - Goals of science, Science - Where science is practiced, Science - Science and social concerns, Science - Scientific literature, Science - Fields of science, Science - Natural sciences, Science - Social sciences, Science - Holistic interdisciplinary and applied sciences, Science - Environmental sciences, Science - External articles and references, Science - Textbooks, Science - News and articles, Science - Resources, Science - Further reading

Read more here: » Science: Encyclopedia II - Science - Etymology

Maupertuis was born at Saint-Malo, France to a moderately wealthy family of merchant-corsairs. He was educated in mathematics by a private tutor, and upon completing his formal education his father secured him a largely honorific cavalry commission. After three years in the cavalry, during which time he became acquainted the fashionable social and mathematical circles in Paris. At that time he moved to Paris and began building his reputation as a mathematician and literary wit. I ...

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Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Honors

Read more here: » Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia II - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography

Some historians of science point to his important works in biology as significant precursors in the development of evolutionary theories, specifically the theory of natural selection.Other writers contend that his remarks are cursory, vague, or incidental to that particular argument. See "Venus Physique" (1745), or its English translation, Boas (1966), for details. Other valuable references include Stephen Jay Gould's The Flamingo's Smile (1987), Desmond King-Hele's Erasmus Darwin (1963),Peter Bowler's Evolution: The History ...

See also:

Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Honors

Read more here: » Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia II - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution

The principle of least action states that in all natural phenomena a quantity called ‘action’ tends to be minimized. Maupertuis developed such a principle over two decades. For him, action could be expressed mathematically as the product of the mass of the body involved, the distance it had traveled and the velocity at which it was traveling. In 1741, he gave a paper to the Paris Academy of Sciences, Loi du repos des corps, (Law of bodies at rest). In it he showed that a system of bodies at rest tends to reach a position in which any change would create the smallest possible c ...

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Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Honors

Read more here: » Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia II - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle

The following are his most important works: Sur la figure de la terre (Paris, 1738) Discours sur la parallaxe de la lune (Paris, 1741) Discours sur la figure des astres (Paris, 1742) Eléments de la géographie (Paris, 1742) Lettre sur la comète de 1742 (Paris, 1742) Astronomie nautique (Paris, 1745 and 1746) Vénus physique (Paris, 1745) ...

See also:

Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Honors

Read more here: » Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia II - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books

Some historians of science point to his important works in biology as significant precursors in the development of evolutionary theories, specifically the theory of natural selection. Other writers contend that his remarks are cursory, vague, or incidental to that particular argument. See "Venus Physique" (1745), or its English translation, Boas (1966), for details. Other valuable references include Stephen Jay Gould's The Flamingo's Smile (1987), Desmond King-Hele's Erasmus Darwin (1963), Peter Bowler's Evolution: The Histo ...

See also:

Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Biography, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Least Action Principle, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Books, Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Honors

Read more here: » Pierre Louis Maupertuis: Encyclopedia II - Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Evolution

The big breakthrough to a new idea in Europe came with the Enlightenment, when social commentators and philosophers began to realize that people themselves could change society and change their way of life. Instead of being made completely by God, there was increasing room for the idea that people themselves made their own society - and not only that, as Giambattista Vico argued, because people practically made their own society, they could also fully comprehend it. This gave rise to new sciences, or proto-sciences, which claimed to provide new scientific knowledge about what society was really ...

See also:

Social progress, Social progress - Enlightenment, Social progress - The notion of freedom, Social progress - Marx's radicalism, Social progress - Modernism, Social progress - Postmodernism and social progress, Social progress - Four recent trends of thought about social progress

Read more here: » Social progress: Encyclopedia II - Social progress - Enlightenment

History of medicine - Egyptian medicine. See main article: Ancient Egyptian medicine. Medical information contained in the Edwin Smith Papyrus date as early as 3000 BC ([1]). The earliest known surgery was performed in Egypt around 2750 BC (see surgery). Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is credited as the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and as the original author of the Edwin Smith papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations. The Edwin Smith papyrus is regarded as a copy of several ...

See also:

History of medicine, History of medicine - General review of the history of medicine, History of medicine - Egyptian medicine, History of medicine - Muslim medicine, History of medicine - Hebrew medicine, History of medicine - Chinese medicine, History of medicine - Indian medicine, History of medicine - Early European medicine, History of medicine - Renaissance and Enlightenment medicine, History of medicine - Modern medicine, History of medicine - Special history of medicine, History of medicine - Museums and collections of health and medicine, History of medicine - Bibliography

Read more here: » History of medicine: Encyclopedia II - History of medicine - General review of the history of medicine

List of polymaths - A to D. Mário de Andrade, poet, novelist, musicologist, art historian, critic, and photographer G. E. M. Anscombe, logician, theologian, translator, classical studies George Antheil, composer, pianist, celebrity, inventor, writer, endocrinologist Isaac Asimov, science-fiction author, non-fiction author, biochemist, science essayist, bible scholar Gregory Bateson, anthropologist, social scientist, linguist Alexander Graham Bell, scientist, inv ...

See also:

List of polymaths, List of polymaths - Ancient and mediæval, List of polymaths - Renaissance, List of polymaths - Enlightenment and early post-Enlightenment, List of polymaths - A to J, List of polymaths - K to S, List of polymaths - T to Z, List of polymaths - Contemporary, List of polymaths - A to D, List of polymaths - E to K, List of polymaths - L to R, List of polymaths - S to Z, List of polymaths - Legendary/Culture Heroes

Read more here: » List of polymaths: Encyclopedia II - List of polymaths - Contemporary