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| ARTICLES RELATED TO English | | | |  English: Encyclopedia II - California English - PhonologyAs a variety of American English, California English is similar to most other forms of American speech in being a rhotic accent, which is historically a significant marker in differentiating different English varieties. The following chart represents the relative positions of the stressed monophthongs of the accent, based on nine speakers from southern California.[2] Notable is the absence of /ɔ/, ...
See also:California English, California English - History, California English - Phonology, California English - Lexical characteristics, California English - Northern vs. Southern California, California English - California sociolects and Chicano English, California English - Influence of California English, California English - Notes Read more here: » California English: Encyclopedia II - California English - Phonology |
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| | | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English grammar - Nouns In English, nouns generally describe persons, places, things, and abstract ideas, and are treated as grammatically distinct from verbs. English nouns, in general, are not marked for case, nor for gender. Nouns are, however, marked for number and definiteness. English does not have dual or trial numbers for nouns.
English grammar - Gender.
A remnant of grammatical gender is also preserved in the third person pronouns. Gender is assigned to animate objects based on biological gender (where known), and to per ...
See also:English grammar, English grammar - Word order, English grammar - Nouns, English grammar - Gender, English grammar - Number and definiteness, English grammar - Case, English grammar - Verbs, English grammar - Person, English grammar - Voice, English grammar - Mood, English grammar - Tense, English grammar - Adjectives and adverbs, English grammar - Other topics, English grammar - Paradoxes, English grammar - Slang Read more here: » English grammar: Encyclopedia II - English grammar - Nouns |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English grammar - Verbs In English, verbs generally describe actions, and can also be used to describe certain states of being. In contrast to the relative simplicity of English nouns, verbs come in a large array of tenses, some moods, two voices, and are marked for person.
English grammar - Person.
Verbs in English are marked in limited fashion for person. Unlike some other European languages, person cannot generally be inferred from the conjugation attached to the verb. As a result, subject nouns and pronouns are generally requ ...
See also:English grammar, English grammar - Word order, English grammar - Nouns, English grammar - Gender, English grammar - Number and definiteness, English grammar - Case, English grammar - Verbs, English grammar - Person, English grammar - Voice, English grammar - Mood, English grammar - Tense, English grammar - Adjectives and adverbs, English grammar - Other topics, English grammar - Paradoxes, English grammar - Slang Read more here: » English grammar: Encyclopedia II - English grammar - Verbs |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - History During the Anglo-Norman invasions of Wales, Welsh bowmen took a heavy toll on the invaders by using this extraordinary weapon of war. The English were quick to realise the impact that the longbow could produce on the battlefield. As soon as the Welsh campaign was successfully over, Welsh conscripts began to be incorporated into the English army. The lessons the English learned in Wales were later used with deadly effect by Welsh mercenaries ...
See also:English longbow, English longbow - Description, English longbow - Origins, English longbow - History, English longbow - Usage, English longbow - Tactics, English longbow - Surviving bows, English longbow - Social importance, English longbow - Footnotes, English longbow - Bibliography Read more here: » English longbow: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - History |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English Electric - History The English Electric Company was formed in 1918 and, during that year and 1919, acquired control of Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, England, Willans & Robinson of Rugby and the Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company of Bradford. It also purchased the Stafford works of Siemens Bros, Dynamo Works Ltd. In 1917 Dick, Kerr had acquired the United Electric Car Company, the makers of trams in Preston. As part of the company's reorganisation, its traction activities were concentrated in Preston and continued there until 1930 when the manufacture of electrical equipment was transferred to Bradford. Tramcar, bus body and rolli ...
See also:English Electric, English Electric - History, English Electric - Products, English Electric - Aircraft, English Electric - Computers, English Electric - Railway Locomotives Read more here: » English Electric: Encyclopedia II - English Electric - History |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English Indiana - Demographics As of the censusGR2 of 2000, there are 673 people, 294 households, and 171 families residing in the town. The population density is 85.2/km² (220.5/mi²). There are 341 housing units at an average density of 43.2/km² (111.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.66% White, 0.00% African American, 1.19% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.59% of th ...
See also:English Indiana, English Indiana - Geography, English Indiana - Demographics, English Indiana - History Read more here: » English Indiana: Encyclopedia II - English Indiana - Demographics |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Origins In the British Isles the weapon was first recorded as being used by the Welsh in AD 633, when Offrid, the son of Edwin, king of Northumbria, was killed by an arrow shot from a Welsh longbow during a battle between the Welsh and the Mercians — more than five centuries before any record of its military use in England. Despite this, the weapon is often referred to as the "English longbow" rather than the "Welsh longbow".
At least two Neolithic longbows have been found in Britain. One, made of yew and wrapped in leather, was found at Me ...
See also:English longbow, English longbow - Description, English longbow - Origins, English longbow - History, English longbow - Usage, English longbow - Tactics, English longbow - Surviving bows, English longbow - Social importance, English longbow - Footnotes, English longbow - Bibliography Read more here: » English longbow: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Origins |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Usage Longbows were difficult to master because the force required to draw the bow was very high by modern standards. Though the draw weight of a typical English longbow is disputed, it was at least 36 kgf (360 N, 80 lbf) and possibly more than 65 kgf (650 N, 143 lbf). Considerable practice was required to produce the swift and effective combat fire required. Skeletons of longbow archers are recognizably deformed, with enlarged left arms, and often bone spurs on left ...
See also:English longbow, English longbow - Description, English longbow - Origins, English longbow - History, English longbow - Usage, English longbow - Tactics, English longbow - Surviving bows, English longbow - Social importance, English longbow - Footnotes, English longbow - Bibliography Read more here: » English longbow: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Usage |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Tactics Although bowmen were still deadly at close range, they were light skirmishers unsuited to prolonged hand-to-hand combat and were understandably vulnerable to a committed attack by cavalry. Consequently they were often deployed behind physical barricades, such as stakes and poles driven into the ground.
A common battle formation:
Light Infantry (such as swordsmen) in the centre forward, in rank formation.
Heavy Infantry (often armed with pollaxes or pole weapons with bill hooks being the preferred English weapon) ...
See also:English longbow, English longbow - Description, English longbow - Origins, English longbow - History, English longbow - Usage, English longbow - Tactics, English longbow - Surviving bows, English longbow - Social importance, English longbow - Footnotes, English longbow - Bibliography Read more here: » English longbow: Encyclopedia II - English longbow - Tactics |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - International English - Varying concepts
International English - Universality and flexibility.
International English sometimes refers to English as it is actually being used and developed in the world; as a language owned not just by native speakers, but by all those who come to use it.
Basically, it covers the English language at large, often (but not always or necessarily) implicitly seen as standard. It is certainly also commonly used in connection with the acquisition, use, and study of English as the world's lingua franca ('TEIL: Teaching En ...
See also:International English, International English - Historical context, International English - Modern global language, International English - Varying concepts, International English - Universality and flexibility, International English - Neutrality, International English - Opposition, International English - Appropriation theory, International English - Many Englishes, International English - Dual standard, International English - Non-U.S. English, International English - International organisations, International English - British English with -ize spellings, International English - British English with -ise spellings, International English - American English Read more here: » International English: Encyclopedia II - International English - Varying concepts |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Appalachian English - Appalachia Appalachia refers to the region of the Appalachian Mountains. Portions of the mountain range are found in the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, Georgia, the northwestern tip of South Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. The only state which lies entirely within the boundaries of the Appalachian mountains is West Virginia. The residents of this last state have largely shaped the core of the regional dialect.
Much of the syntactical variation of Appalachian English is derived from the Scots-Irish dialect. This is due to the fact that many of ...
See also:Appalachian English, Appalachian English - Appalachia, Appalachian English - Pronunciation, Appalachian English - Grammar, Appalachian English - Word use Read more here: » Appalachian English: Encyclopedia II - Appalachian English - Appalachia |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in the English tradition - Early English anarchism Like much of the rest of Europe, Medieval England was ruled by a limited monarch in coalition with a parliament of wealthy aristocrats and landowners. Unlike continental Europe, the parliament of the rich maintained its rights and privileges. When the English monarchy sought to establish absolute monarchy, the English parliament rebelled. During this civil war dissenting protestants and rural workers began forming utopian communities based on common ownership of the tools of production. This revolts can be distinguished from medieval revolts ...
See also:Anarchism in the English tradition, Anarchism in the English tradition - Early English anarchism, Anarchism in the English tradition - English anarchism, Anarchism in the English tradition - English colonialism, Anarchism in the English tradition - Industrial Unionism, Anarchism in the English tradition - Social revolt, Anarchism in the English tradition - Prominent anarchists in English speaking societies, Anarchism in the English tradition - United States of America, Anarchism in the English tradition - England Read more here: » Anarchism in the English tradition: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in the English tradition - Early English anarchism |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English unit - Historical English units
English unit - Length.
poppyseed
¼ of a barleycorn
barleycorn
Basic Anglo-Saxon unit, the length of a corn of barley. The unit survived after 1066, redefined as 1/3 inch. Note the relation to the grain unit of weight.
digit
¾ inch
finger
7/8 inch
ynch, inch
Anglo Saxon inch, 3 barleycorns. Based on the Roman uncia from 1066.
nail
3 digits = 2¼ inches ...
See also:English unit, English unit - Historical English units, English unit - Length, English unit - Area, English unit - Administrative units, English unit - Volume, English unit - Weight Read more here: » English unit: Encyclopedia II - English unit - Historical English units |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - International English - International organisations There are three major English varieties used as standards by international organisations:
International English - British English with -ize spellings.
Spellings: centre, programme, labour, defence, cooperation, organize, recognize, but: analyse
IANA language tag en-GB-oed, this standard is based on the Oxford English Dictionary
Examples of organisations that predominantly adhere to this standard are:
United Nations system (UN, UNESCO, UNICEF...),
World Trade Organi ...
See also:International English, International English - Historical context, International English - Modern global language, International English - Varying concepts, International English - Universality and flexibility, International English - Neutrality, International English - Opposition, International English - Appropriation theory, International English - Many Englishes, International English - Dual standard, International English - Non-U.S. English, International English - International organisations, International English - British English with -ize spellings, International English - British English with -ise spellings, International English - American English Read more here: » International English: Encyclopedia II - International English - International organisations |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in the English tradition - English colonialism The English established early colonies in North America. English colonies in the Central and Southern areas of English settlement were founded to produce profit for their owners and the English monarchy. Northern colonies were typically founded in order to allow particular Christian sects freedom of religious worship. The colonies were small, isolated and not self-sufficient; instead they relied on an international system of trade and capitalist extraction, and on close alliances with indigenous populations. This was particularly true in the ...
See also:Anarchism in the English tradition, Anarchism in the English tradition - Early English anarchism, Anarchism in the English tradition - English anarchism, Anarchism in the English tradition - English colonialism, Anarchism in the English tradition - Industrial Unionism, Anarchism in the English tradition - Social revolt, Anarchism in the English tradition - Prominent anarchists in English speaking societies, Anarchism in the English tradition - United States of America, Anarchism in the English tradition - England Read more here: » Anarchism in the English tradition: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in the English tradition - English colonialism |
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