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| ARTICLES RELATED TO English | | | |  English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Varieties of Australian EnglishMost linguists consider that there are three main varieties of Australian English: "Broad", "General" and "Cultivated". These three main varieties are actually part of a continuum and are based on variations in accent. They often, but not always, reflect the social class and/or educational background of the speaker.
Broad Australian English is the archetypal and most recognisable variety and is familiar to English speakers around the world, because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Aus ...
See also:Australian English, Australian English - Relationship to other varieties of English, Australian English - Spelling, Australian English - Irish influences, Australian English - Samples of Australian English, Australian English - Vocabulary, Australian English - The origins of Australian words, Australian English - Varieties of Australian English, Australian English - Regional variation, Australian English - Phonology, Australian English - Myths about Australian accents, Australian English - Use of words by Australians, Australian English - Humour, Australian English - Diminutives Read more here: » Australian English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Varieties of Australian English |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - The history of English pronunciation See also History of the English language
Around the late 14th century, English began to undergo the Great Vowel Shift, in which
the high long vowels [iː] and [uː] in words like price and mouth became diphthongized, first to [əɪ] and [əʊ] (where they remain today in some environments ...
See also:English phonology, English phonology - English phonemes, English phonology - The history of English pronunciation, English phonology - Some noteworthy phonological processes in English, English phonology - æ-tensing, English phonology - Bad-lad split, English phonology - Cot-caught merger, English phonology - English phonotactics, English phonology - Syllable structure, English phonology - Syllable-level rules, English phonology - Word-level rules Read more here: » English phonology: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - The history of English pronunciation |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - English phonotactics Note: This information applies to RP. Other than variations in the possible onsets with or without final /j/, and the presence or absence of the phoneme /ʍ/, it also applies to the other main varieties of English. /ʍ/ only occurs syllable-initial and does not occur in clusters.
English phonology - Syllable structure.
The syllab ...
See also:English phonology, English phonology - English phonemes, English phonology - The history of English pronunciation, English phonology - Some noteworthy phonological processes in English, English phonology - æ-tensing, English phonology - Bad-lad split, English phonology - Cot-caught merger, English phonology - English phonotactics, English phonology - Syllable structure, English phonology - Syllable-level rules, English phonology - Word-level rules Read more here: » English phonology: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - English phonotactics |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - English phonemes See International Phonetic Alphabet for English and IPA chart for English for charts of the English phonemes.
The number of speech sounds in English varies from dialect to dialect, and any actual tally depends greatly on the interpretation of the researcher doing the counting. The Longman Pronunciation Dictionary by John C. Wells, for example, using symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet, denotes 24 consonants and 23 vowels used in Received Pronunciation, plus two additional consonants and four additional vowels ...
See also:English phonology, English phonology - English phonemes, English phonology - The history of English pronunciation, English phonology - Some noteworthy phonological processes in English, English phonology - æ-tensing, English phonology - Bad-lad split, English phonology - Cot-caught merger, English phonology - English phonotactics, English phonology - Syllable structure, English phonology - Syllable-level rules, English phonology - Word-level rules Read more here: » English phonology: Encyclopedia II - English phonology - English phonemes |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Phonology Australian English is a non-rhotic variety. It is unique in its remarkable homogeneity over a vast area. Unlike most varieties of English, it has a phonemic length distinction. It has a reasonably standard consonant inventory.
See also: Phonemic differentiation
Australian English - Myths about Australian accents.
Australian English is sometimes described as high-pitched, nasal, lazy, or drawling. The claims of high pitch and nasality are not entirely true, as many Australian English speakers perceive much of American English to be nasal, while laziness ...
See also:Australian English, Australian English - Relationship to other varieties of English, Australian English - Spelling, Australian English - Irish influences, Australian English - Samples of Australian English, Australian English - Vocabulary, Australian English - The origins of Australian words, Australian English - Varieties of Australian English, Australian English - Regional variation, Australian English - Phonology, Australian English - Myths about Australian accents, Australian English - Use of words by Australians, Australian English - Humour, Australian English - Diminutives Read more here: » Australian English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Phonology |
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| | | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Canadian English - Vocabulary Where Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it tends to share most with American English. For instance, automotive terminology in Canada is entirely American. Canadians may prefer the British term railway to the American railroad, but most railway terminology in Canada follows American usage (eg., ties, as well as cars rather than sleepers and waggons), although r ...
See also:Canadian English, Canadian English - Spelling, Canadian English - Pronunciation, Canadian English - Other variations, Canadian English - Vocabulary, Canadian English - Britishisms, Canadian English - French Loanwords, Canadian English - Uniquely Canadian English words, Canadian English - Variations between Canadian and American lexicons, Canadian English - Chinook Jargon words in British Columbia, Canadian English - Regional variation in pronunciation, Canadian English - Toronto, Canadian English - Maritimes, Canadian English - Newfoundland, Canadian English - Quebec, Canadian English - Ontario, Canadian English - Prairies, Canadian English - British Columbia Read more here: » Canadian English: Encyclopedia II - Canadian English - Vocabulary |
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| | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Pronunciation
Generally, all letters in Middle English words are pronounced. (Silent letters in Modern English come from pronunciation shifts but continued spelling conventions.) Therefore 'knight' is pronounced [knɪçt] (with a pronounced K and a 'gh' as the 'ch' in German 'nicht'), not [naɪt], as in Modern English.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
(C ...
See also:Middle English, Middle English - Literary and Linguistic Cultures, Middle English - History, Middle English - 1000, Middle English - c.1400, Middle English - Construction, Middle English - Key points, Middle English - Nouns, Middle English - Verbs, Middle English - Pronouns, Middle English - Pronunciation, Middle English - Chancery Standard, Middle English - History of the Chancery Standard Read more here: » Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Pronunciation |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English verbs - Tenses of the English verb English verbs, like those in many other western European languages, have more tenses than forms; tenses beyond the ones possible with the five forms listed above are formed with auxiliary verbs, as are the passive voice forms of these verbs. Important auxiliary verbs in English include will, used to form the future tense; shall, formerly used mainly for the future tense, but now used mainly for commands and directives; be, have, and do, which are used to form the supplementary tenses of the English verb, ...
See also:English verbs, English verbs - Principal parts, English verbs - Infinitive and basic form, English verbs - Third person singular, English verbs - Present participle, English verbs - Preterite, English verbs - Past participle, English verbs - Tenses of the English verb, English verbs - Overview of tenses, English verbs - Present simple, English verbs - Present progressive, English verbs - Present Perfect, English verbs - Present perfect progressive, English verbs - Past simple, English verbs - Past progressive, English verbs - Past perfect, English verbs - Past perfect progressive, English verbs - Future simple, English verbs - Future progressive, English verbs - Future perfect, English verbs - Future perfect progressive, English verbs - Conditional, English verbs - Conditional perfect, English verbs - Present subjunctive, English verbs - Imperfect subjunctive Read more here: » English verbs: Encyclopedia II - English verbs - Tenses of the English verb |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - The earliest English poetry The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation; Bede attributes this to Cædmon (fl. 658–680), who was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced extemporaneous poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry.
Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic Beowulf range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there has never been anything even app ...
See also:English poetry, English poetry - The earliest English poetry, English poetry - The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages, English poetry - The Renaissance in England, English poetry - Early Renaissance poetry, English poetry - The Elizabethans, English poetry - Jacobean and Caroline poetry, English poetry - The Restoration and 18th century, English poetry - Satire, English poetry - 18th century classicism, English poetry - Women poets in the 18th century, English poetry - The late 18th century, English poetry - The Romantic movement, English poetry - Victorian poetry, English poetry - High Victorian poetry, English poetry - Pre-Raphaelites arts and crafts Aestheticism and the Yellow 1890s, English poetry - The 20th century, English poetry - The first three decades, English poetry - The Thirties, English poetry - The Forties, English poetry - The Fifties, English poetry - The 1960s and 1970s, English poetry - English poetry now, English poetry - Reference Read more here: » English poetry: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - The earliest English poetry |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Construction
Middle English - Key points.
With its simplified case-ending system, Middle English is closer to modern English than its pre-Conquest equivalent.
Middle English - Nouns.
Despite losing the slightly more complex system of inflexional endings, Middle English retains two separate noun-ending patterns from Old English. Compare, for example, the early Modern English words engel (angel) and nome (name):
The strong -s plural form has survived into Modern English, while the weak -n form is rare (oxen, children, brethren).
< ...
See also:Middle English, Middle English - Literary and Linguistic Cultures, Middle English - History, Middle English - 1000, Middle English - c.1400, Middle English - Construction, Middle English - Key points, Middle English - Nouns, Middle English - Verbs, Middle English - Pronouns, Middle English - Pronunciation, Middle English - Chancery Standard, Middle English - History of the Chancery Standard Read more here: » Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Construction |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - English poetry now The last three decades of the 20th century saw a number of short-lived poetic groupings such as the Martians. There was a growth in interest in women's writing and in poetry from England's ethnic groupings, especially the West Indian community. Poets who emerged include Carol Ann Duffy, Andrew Motion, Craig Raine, Wendy Cope, James Fenton, Blake Morrison, Grace Lake, Liz Lochhead, Linton Kwesi Johnson and Benjamin Zephaniah. There was also a growth in performance poetry fuelled by the Poetry Slam movement. A new generation of innovative poets ha ...
See also:English poetry, English poetry - The earliest English poetry, English poetry - The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages, English poetry - The Renaissance in England, English poetry - Early Renaissance poetry, English poetry - The Elizabethans, English poetry - Jacobean and Caroline poetry, English poetry - The Restoration and 18th century, English poetry - Satire, English poetry - 18th century classicism, English poetry - Women poets in the 18th century, English poetry - The late 18th century, English poetry - The Romantic movement, English poetry - Victorian poetry, English poetry - High Victorian poetry, English poetry - Pre-Raphaelites arts and crafts Aestheticism and the Yellow 1890s, English poetry - The 20th century, English poetry - The first three decades, English poetry - The Thirties, English poetry - The Forties, English poetry - The Fifties, English poetry - The 1960s and 1970s, English poetry - English poetry now, English poetry - Reference Read more here: » English poetry: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - English poetry now |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Canadian English - Spelling Canadian spelling of the English language combines British and American rules. Most notably, French-derived words that in American English end with -or and -er, such as color or center, retain a spelling closer to their original in Canadian and British writing ("colour" and "centre"). In other cases, Canadians and Americans stand at odds with British spelling, such as in the case of words like tire and jail, which in British Eng ...
See also:Canadian English, Canadian English - Spelling, Canadian English - Pronunciation, Canadian English - Other variations, Canadian English - Vocabulary, Canadian English - Britishisms, Canadian English - French Loanwords, Canadian English - Uniquely Canadian English words, Canadian English - Variations between Canadian and American lexicons, Canadian English - Chinook Jargon words in British Columbia, Canadian English - Regional variation in pronunciation, Canadian English - Toronto, Canadian English - Maritimes, Canadian English - Newfoundland, Canadian English - Quebec, Canadian English - Ontario, Canadian English - Prairies, Canadian English - British Columbia Read more here: » Canadian English: Encyclopedia II - Canadian English - Spelling |
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| | | | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - English Setter - History The English Setter was originally bred to set or point upland game birds. From the best available information, it appears that the English Setter was a trained bird dog in England more than 400 years ago. There is evidence that the English Setter originated in crosses of the Spanish Pointer, large Water Spaniel, and Springer Spaniel, which combined to produce an excellent bird dog with a high degree of proficiency in finding and pointing game in open country. The modern English Setter owes its appearance to Mr. Edward Laverack (1800-1877), w ...
See also:English Setter, English Setter - Appearance, English Setter - Temperament, English Setter - Health, English Setter - History, English Setter - Miscellaneous Read more here: » English Setter: Encyclopedia II - English Setter - History |
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| | | | | English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Vocabulary
Australian English - The origins of Australian words.
Australian English incorporates many uniquely Australian terms. One of the best-known of these is outback which means remote, sparsely-populated areas. The similar bush can mean either native forests, or country areas in general. Many such words, phrases or usages originated with the British convicts transported to Australia. Many words used frequently by country Australians are, or were, also used in all or part of England, with variations in me ...
See also:Australian English, Australian English - Relationship to other varieties of English, Australian English - Spelling, Australian English - Irish influences, Australian English - Samples of Australian English, Australian English - Vocabulary, Australian English - The origins of Australian words, Australian English - Varieties of Australian English, Australian English - Regional variation, Australian English - Phonology, Australian English - Myths about Australian accents, Australian English - Use of words by Australians, Australian English - Humour, Australian English - Diminutives Read more here: » Australian English: Encyclopedia II - Australian English - Vocabulary |
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