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energy conservation | A Wisdom Archive on energy conservation | | energy conservation A selection of articles related to energy conservation | |
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Energy Conservation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO energy conservation | | | |  energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - HistoryNo single time or person can be identified with the invention of the bicycle. Its earliest known forebears were called velocipedes, and included many types of human-powered vehicles. One of these, the scooter-like dandy horse of the French Comte de Sivrac, dating to 1790, was long cited as the earliest bicycle. Most bicycle historians now believe that these hobby-horses with no steering mechanism probably n ...
See also:Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - History |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - Types of bicycle There are many different types of bicycle. See also Category:Cycle types.
Mountain bicycles are designed for off-road cycling, and include other sub-types of off-road bicycles such as Cross Country (i.e."XC"), Downhill , and to a lesser extent Freeride bicycles. All mountain bicycles feature sturdy, highly durable frames and wheels, wide-gauge treaded tires, and cross-wise handlebars to help the rider resist sudden jolts. Some mountain bicycles feature various types of suspension systems (e.g. coiled spring, air o ...
See also:Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - Types of bicycle |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - Social and historical aspects
Bicycle - Economic and social implications.
Bicycle manufacturing proved to be a training ground for other industries. Building modern bicycle frames led to the development of advanced metalworking techniques, both for the frames themselves and for special components such as ball bearings, washers, and sprockets. These techniques later enabled skilled metalworkers and mechanics to develop the components used in early automobiles and aircraft. J. K. Starley's company became the Rover Cycle Company Ltd. in t ...
See also:Bicycle, Bicycle - History, Bicycle - Technical aspects, Bicycle - Legal requirements, Bicycle - Construction and parts, Bicycle - Performance, Bicycle - Bicycle physics, Bicycle - Social and historical aspects, Bicycle - Economic and social implications, Bicycle - Bicycles at work, Bicycle - Bicycle recreation, Bicycle - Bicycles and war, Bicycle - Bicycle racing, Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities, Bicycle - Cycling activism, Bicycle - Types of bicycle, Bicycle - Standards, Bicycle - Notes Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia II - Bicycle - Social and historical aspects |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Business action on climate change - Overview In 1989, the oil and automotive industries and the National Association of Manufacturers created the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) to oppose mandatory actions to address global warming. In 1997, when the Senate overwhelmingly passed a resolution against ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, the industry funded a $13 million industry advertising blitz in the run-up to the vote.[1]
In 1998 the New York Times published an American Petroleum Institute (API) memo outlining a strategy aiming to make "recognition of uncertainty ... part of t ...
See also:Business action on climate change, Business action on climate change - Overview, Business action on climate change - Energy industry, Business action on climate change - ExxonMobil, Business action on climate change - BP, Business action on climate change - Others, Business action on climate change - Insurance industry, Business action on climate change - Media Read more here: » Business action on climate change: Encyclopedia II - Business action on climate change - Overview |
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| | | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Conservation ethic - History of biological conservation The origins of biological conservation can be traced to philosophical and religious beliefs about Man as a full part of Nature:
Taoist and Shintoist philosophies encourage recognition of special sites, allowing spiritual experiments.
Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism, grant a sacred value to animals. Primitive religions also recognize sacred values to sites such as forests, lakes, mountains. Islam recognizes each species as its own "nation", and an obligation of man to khalifa, or "stewardship" of the Earth. Specific conservation m ...
See also:Conservation ethic, Conservation ethic - Introduction, Conservation ethic - Usage of term, Conservation ethic - History of biological conservation, Conservation ethic - Romantic-Transcendental, Conservation ethic - Resource Conservation, Conservation ethic - Evolutionary-Ecological, Conservation ethic - External link Read more here: » Conservation ethic: Encyclopedia II - Conservation ethic - History of biological conservation |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Conservation ethic - Usage of term In common usage, the term refers to the activity of systematically protecting natural resources such as forests, including biological diversity. Carl F. Jordan defines the term in his book Replacing Quantity With Quality As a Goal for Global Management
"biological conservation as being a philosophy of managing the environment in a manner that does not despoil, exhaust or extinguish."
While that usage is not new, the idea of biological conservation has been applied to the principles of ecology, biogeography, anthropol ...
See also:Conservation ethic, Conservation ethic - Introduction, Conservation ethic - Usage of term, Conservation ethic - History of biological conservation, Conservation ethic - Romantic-Transcendental, Conservation ethic - Resource Conservation, Conservation ethic - Evolutionary-Ecological, Conservation ethic - External link Read more here: » Conservation ethic: Encyclopedia II - Conservation ethic - Usage of term |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Observation of DST Daylight saving time is generally a temperate zone practice; day lengths in the tropics do not vary enough to justify DST. Hawaii, the only U.S. state in the tropics, does not observe DST.
The amount of the time shift varies, but one hour is the most common. The dates of the beginning and ending of DST also vary by country. With a few exceptions, switchovers between standard time and daylight saving time generally occur in the early morning hours of a Sunday morning, presumably because doing so th ...
See also:Daylight saving time, Daylight saving time - Origin, Daylight saving time - Observation of DST, Daylight saving time - Usage and history by location, Daylight saving time - Africa, Daylight saving time - Asia, Daylight saving time - Australasia, Daylight saving time - Europe, Daylight saving time - North America, Daylight saving time - South America, Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST, Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST, Daylight saving time - Mnemonic, Daylight saving time - Associated practices, Daylight saving time - The name, Daylight saving time - Notes, Daylight saving time - Books Read more here: » Daylight saving time: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Observation of DST |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST One of the major reasons given for observing DST is energy conservation. Theoretically, the amount of residential electricity needed in the evening hours is dependent both on when the sun sets and when people go to bed. Because people tend to observe the same bedtime year-round, by artificially moving sunset one hour later, the amount of energy used is theoretically reduced. United States Department of Transportation studies showed that DST reduces the country ...
See also:Daylight saving time, Daylight saving time - Origin, Daylight saving time - Observation of DST, Daylight saving time - Usage and history by location, Daylight saving time - Africa, Daylight saving time - Asia, Daylight saving time - Australasia, Daylight saving time - Europe, Daylight saving time - North America, Daylight saving time - South America, Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST, Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST, Daylight saving time - Mnemonic, Daylight saving time - Associated practices, Daylight saving time - The name, Daylight saving time - Notes, Daylight saving time - Books Read more here: » Daylight saving time: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war Human history is frequently divided into the ages where specific military technology was used. Hand-to-hand combat, clubs, axes, spears, spear throwers, stone spear heads, bow and arrow, crossbow, copper age, bronze age, the Greek phalanx, the Roman legion, iron age, steel age, gunpowder age, armor, horse cavalry, massed assault, conscription, professional soldiers, mercenaries, blitzkrieg, the tank, biological weapons, chemical weapons, and nuclear weapons.
Note: the concept of an arms race merely refers to fervent pursuit of greater armaments, and has nothing to say about whether the ...
See also:Technological escalation, Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war, Technological escalation - Objects and methods, Technological escalation - Paradigms or worldviews, Technological escalation - History of technological escalation as indicator of success, Technological escalation - Motives, Technological escalation - Effects Read more here: » Technological escalation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming Mitigation of the effects of global warming (often referred to as "adaptation" in climate change circles) focusses on defending against rising sea levels through better flood defences and by changing patterns of land use (avoiding more vulnerable areas for housing). It also involves adapting urban areas to increasingly severe storms by increasing rainwater storage (domestic water butts, unpaved gardens etc) and increasing the capacity of stormwater systems (and also separating ...
See also:Mitigation of global warming, Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon tax, Mitigation of global warming - Legal action, Mitigation of global warming - In developing countries, Mitigation of global warming - Technology, Mitigation of global warming - Electricity generation, Mitigation of global warming - Energy efficiency, Mitigation of global warming - Transport, Mitigation of global warming - Other, Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices, Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming Read more here: » Mitigation of global warming: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices Individual actions can include:
supporting political candidates who have a plan to convert to wind power and electric vehicles.
avoiding airplane flights (aircraft contribute 3.5% of the world's greenhouse gases[36])
choosing a more fuel-efficient car, using public transport and using alternatives as often as possible
switching off appliances instead of leaving them on stand by
buying electricity generated from renewable sources
buying offset carbon credits, which are used to plant forests or support energy efficiency measures etc< ...
See also:Mitigation of global warming, Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon tax, Mitigation of global warming - Legal action, Mitigation of global warming - In developing countries, Mitigation of global warming - Technology, Mitigation of global warming - Electricity generation, Mitigation of global warming - Energy efficiency, Mitigation of global warming - Transport, Mitigation of global warming - Other, Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices, Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming Read more here: » Mitigation of global warming: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Motives Motives for technological escalation go far deeper than simple desire to triumph in the "necessary evil" of conflict between states. For one thing the massive military spending of the 20th century led to what many called "war profiteering" — supply of war materiel to nation-states for profit. Although some, like the Krupps of Germany, lost a great deal, others, like the Messerschmitts or Daimlers, did very well — the l ...
See also:Technological escalation, Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war, Technological escalation - Objects and methods, Technological escalation - Paradigms or worldviews, Technological escalation - History of technological escalation as indicator of success, Technological escalation - Motives, Technological escalation - Effects Read more here: » Technological escalation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Motives |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Effects Technological escalation has occurred in many wars, and been key to victory in some of their battles — the longbows at the Battle of Agincourt, radar in the Battle of Britain, and, to some extent, nuclear weapons at the end of World War 2 — but has not been a factor in many other instances, such as Germany's World War 2 innovations of the V-1 flying bomb, V-2 rocket, Me-262 jet fighter, and Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket plane. Clearly other factors overshadowed these technological improvements. More recently, in the Vietnam War, the United ...
See also:Technological escalation, Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war, Technological escalation - Objects and methods, Technological escalation - Paradigms or worldviews, Technological escalation - History of technological escalation as indicator of success, Technological escalation - Motives, Technological escalation - Effects Read more here: » Technological escalation: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation - Effects |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Stress-energy tensor - Examples Here we will present some specific cases:
T00
This represents the energy density.
T0i
This represents the flux of energy across the xi surface, which is equivalent to
Ti0,
the density of the ith momentum.
The components
...
See also:Stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Definition, Stress-energy tensor - Examples, Stress-energy tensor - As a Noether current, Stress-energy tensor - In general relativity, Stress-energy tensor - The Einstein Field Equations, Stress-energy tensor - Relativistic Stress Tensor for an Idealized Fluid, Stress-energy tensor - The various stress-energy tensors, Stress-energy tensor - Canonical stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Hilbert stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Belinfante-Rosenfeld stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Einstein pseudotensor, Stress-energy tensor - Landau-Lifschitz pseudotensor, Stress-energy tensor - Energy conditions Read more here: » Stress-energy tensor: Encyclopedia II - Stress-energy tensor - Examples |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Stress-energy tensor - Definition The Stress-energy tensor is defined as the tensor Tab of rank two that gives the flux of the a th component of the momentum vector across a surface with constant xb coordinate. (In the theory of relativity this momentum vector is taken as the four-momentum). It is also important to note that the stress-energy tensor is symmetric (in the absence of a nonzero spin tensor), as in
Tab = Tba
If the ...
See also:Stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Definition, Stress-energy tensor - Examples, Stress-energy tensor - As a Noether current, Stress-energy tensor - In general relativity, Stress-energy tensor - The Einstein Field Equations, Stress-energy tensor - Relativistic Stress Tensor for an Idealized Fluid, Stress-energy tensor - The various stress-energy tensors, Stress-energy tensor - Canonical stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Hilbert stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Belinfante-Rosenfeld stress-energy tensor, Stress-energy tensor - Einstein pseudotensor, Stress-energy tensor - Landau-Lifschitz pseudotensor, Stress-energy tensor - Energy conditions Read more here: » Stress-energy tensor: Encyclopedia II - Stress-energy tensor - Definition |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes See also: Kyoto Protocol
Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading.
Main article: Carbon emissions trading
The European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) [4] is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. It commenced operation on 1 January 2005, and all 25 member states of the European Union participate in the scheme. The scheme has created a new market in carbon dioxide allowances estimated at some Euro 35 billio ...
See also:Mitigation of global warming, Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon tax, Mitigation of global warming - Legal action, Mitigation of global warming - In developing countries, Mitigation of global warming - Technology, Mitigation of global warming - Electricity generation, Mitigation of global warming - Energy efficiency, Mitigation of global warming - Transport, Mitigation of global warming - Other, Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices, Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming Read more here: » Mitigation of global warming: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions Globally, the majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions arise from fuel combustion. The remainder is accounted for largely by "fugitive fuel" (consumed in the production and transport of fuel), emissions from industrial processes (excluding fuel combustion), and agriculture: these contributed 5.8%, 5.2% and 3.3% respectively in 1990. Current figures are broadly comparable.[2]
Around 17% of emissions are a ...
See also:Mitigation of global warming, Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions, Mitigation of global warming - Encouraging technology and use changes, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon emissions trading, Mitigation of global warming - Carbon tax, Mitigation of global warming - Legal action, Mitigation of global warming - In developing countries, Mitigation of global warming - Technology, Mitigation of global warming - Electricity generation, Mitigation of global warming - Energy efficiency, Mitigation of global warming - Transport, Mitigation of global warming - Other, Mitigation of global warming - Personal Choices, Mitigation of global warming - Mitigating the effects of global warming Read more here: » Mitigation of global warming: Encyclopedia II - Mitigation of global warming - Greenhouse gas emissions |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Mathematical Definition To understand the concept of emergy is is first necessary to understand Exergy: the real proportion of the energy that can drive mechanical work.
The Gibbs free energy is the available thermodynamic/chemical energy. Forms of energy such as radiation and thermal energy can not be converted completely to work, and have exergy content less than their energy content, see entropy.
The exergy power is the rate of change of exergy with time
an equivalent of the concept of power for exergy.
Emergy is then defined as t ...
See also:Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy Read more here: » Emergy: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Mathematical Definition |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Definition in words Emergy can be defined as the total solar equivalent available energy of one form that was used up directly and indirectly in the work of making a product or service (H.T.Odum 1996, H.T. & E.C.Odum 2000).
S.E. Jorgensen, S.N.Nielsen and H.Mejer write, "Emergy calculations have the same aim as exergy: to capture the energy hidden in the organization and construction of living organisms." (1995, p. 103). H.T.Odum said that the notion of embodied exergy could be used to evaluate structure (1994, p. 266), and Chen (in press) goe ...
See also:Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy Read more here: » Emergy: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Definition in words |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST DST is not universally accepted; many localities do not observe it. Opponents claim that there is not enough benefit to justify needing to adjust clocks twice every year. The disruption in sleep patterns associated with setting clocks either forward or backward correlates with a spike in the number of severe auto accidents, as well as lost productivity as sleep-disrupted workers adjust to the schedule change. It is also noted that much effort is spent reminding everyone twice a year of the change, and thousands are inconve ...
See also:Daylight saving time, Daylight saving time - Origin, Daylight saving time - Observation of DST, Daylight saving time - Usage and history by location, Daylight saving time - Africa, Daylight saving time - Asia, Daylight saving time - Australasia, Daylight saving time - Europe, Daylight saving time - North America, Daylight saving time - South America, Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST, Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST, Daylight saving time - Mnemonic, Daylight saving time - Associated practices, Daylight saving time - The name, Daylight saving time - Notes, Daylight saving time - Books Read more here: » Daylight saving time: Encyclopedia II - Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST |
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| | | | | energy conservation: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Development Ten years after proposing the emergy nomenclature in 1987, D.M.Scienceman wrote that his suggestion came as a consequence of studying H.T.Odum's book Sytems Ecology (later published as Ecological and General Systems 1994) for a period of about 2 years. With a background in mathematics and nuclear physics, Scienceman had never before heard of the 'embodied energy' concept, and found Odum's use of it very confusing. It was out of this confusion that Scienceman proposed the emergy nomenclature as a means of unifying a ...
See also:Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy Read more here: » Emergy: Encyclopedia II - Emergy - Development |
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