energy conservation

This section will review some of economic ideas and techniques that relate directly to energy economics. Energy economics - Peak Load Pricing. Main article: Peak load pricing Peak load pricing refers to changing the price of a good or service with respect changes in demand over time. Since demand varies with time, and an increase in quantity demanded is usually associated with an increase in cost (for any marginal cost > 0 ) price must a ...

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Energy economics, Energy economics - Energy efficiency, Energy economics - Industrial ecology, Energy economics - Environment vs. Economy, Energy economics - Energy collapse, Energy economics - Energy costs of problem solving, Energy economics - Issues, Energy economics - Peak Load Pricing

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Scienceman's inclusion of the term energy memory in the definition of the word emergy implies that the properties of physical-biological-chemical materials can be included within the domain of the emergy schema. "I now describe 'emergy' as meaning 'energy memory', meaning a measure of the quantity of original form energy [fJ] which has been totally used up or transformed into a new form of energy. The original form has disappeared and has become only a memory, a memory stored up in emergent pro ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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Ten years after proposing the emergy nomenclature in 1987, D.M.Scienceman wrote that his suggestion came as a consequence of studying H.T.Odum's book Sytems Ecology (later published as Ecological and General Systems 1994) for a period of about 2 years. With a background in mathematics and nuclear physics, Scienceman had never before heard of the 'embodied energy' concept, and found Odum's use of it very confusing. It was out of this confusion that Scienceman proposed the emergy nomenclature as a means of unifying a ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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The law was enacted to establish programs to prepare youth and unskilled adults for entry into the labor force and to provide job training to economically disadvantaged and other individuals facing serious barriers to employment. In order to carry out its purpose, the law authorized appropriations for fiscal year 1983 and for each succeeding fiscal year to carry out adult and youth programs, federally administered programs, summer youth employment and training programs ...

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Job Training Partnership Act of 1982, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Purpose, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Provisions, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Adult and Youth Programs, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Federally Administered Programs, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Summer Youth Employment and Training Programs, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Employment and Training Assistance for Dislocated Workers, Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Repeal

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To understand the concept of emergy is is first necessary to understand Exergy: the real proportion of the energy that can drive mechanical work. The Gibbs free energy is the available thermodynamic/chemical energy. Forms of energy such as radiation and thermal energy can not be converted completely to work, and have exergy content less than their energy content, see entropy. The exergy power is the rate of change of exergy with time an equivalent of the concept of power for exergy. Emergy is then defined as t ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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Empower refers to the flow rate of emergy: "The time rate of change of emergy is empower, analogous to the time rate of change of energy, power." (Scienceman 1987, p. 262.) Maximum empower therefore refers to the maximum flow rate of emergy. Considered as a principle, maximum empower has been proposed as a corrolary of the maximum power principle, and is assumed to describe the organisational law of evolution. Accordingly H.T.Odum suggested that Lotka's maximum power pr ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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Emergy accounting is a GLOBAL method of accounting concerned with the input of solar energy equity at the global level. The emergy accounting methodology seeks to account for the energy used in developing energy of higher quality, which are capable of controlling ecosystem and economic functions. M.T.Brown and S.Ulgiati say that emergy accounting is a "method of valuation" that, "uses the thermodynamic basis of all forms of energy and materials, but converts them into equivalents of one form of energy, usually sunlight." (1999, p. 4). Emergy ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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Emergy can be defined as the total solar equivalent available energy of one form that was used up directly and indirectly in the work of making a product or service (H.T.Odum 1996, H.T. & E.C.Odum 2000). S.E. Jorgensen, S.N.Nielsen and H.Mejer write, "Emergy calculations have the same aim as exergy: to capture the energy hidden in the organization and construction of living organisms." (1995, p. 103). H.T.Odum said that the notion of embodied exergy could be used to evaluate structure (1994, p. 266), and Chen (in press) goe ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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Citgo refers to its logo as the "trimark." A large, double-faced sign featuring this logo overlooks Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts and has become a landmark, partly because of its appearance in the background in televised baseball games. The current 60-foot by 60-foot incarnation, unveiled in March 2005 after a six-month restoration project, features thousands of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs were selected for their durability, energy efficiency, intensity, and ease of maintenance. Earlier versions featured neon lighting; the previous sign contained some 5,878 glas ...

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Citgo, Citgo - History, Citgo - Sponsorships, Citgo - The Boston Citgo sign, Citgo - Jingle

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A controversial application of the concept is with respect to Value theory. For H.T.Odum, “embodied energy is a measure of value, in one of the meanings of the word 'value'” (H.T.Odum 1994, p.251 - In this quote the term "embodied energy" is synonymous with "emergy", see Embodied energy). H.T.Odum (1996) understood emergy to encompass not only the above considerations, but also the human notion of utility as a "donor-type value." This conception has not yet received wide support or critical analysis by value theorists. In fact it is this ...

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Emergy, Emergy - Definition in words, Emergy - Mathematical Definition, Emergy - Development, Emergy - Energy memory energy in a body, Emergy - Transformity and the rationalization of quality, Emergy - Empower and maximum empower, Emergy - Emergy accounting and emergy analysis, Emergy - Emergy controversy and value theory, Emergy - Emergy and policy, Emergy - Notes

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The short "The Preamble," set to highly infectious music, has a slightly abridged wording of the Preamble of the United States Constitution. The song starts, "We the people, in order to form a more perfect union...", but the actual document starts, "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union...." Along the same lines: a more complete definition of a noun is that it's the name of a person, place, thing, "or idea". Or more completely, that it's the name or title of any object or idea. Love and fear are not things or obj ...

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Schoolhouse Rock!, Schoolhouse Rock! - Origins, Schoolhouse Rock! - Trivia, Schoolhouse Rock! - Episodes, Schoolhouse Rock! - Multiplication Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - Grammar Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - Science Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - America Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - Money Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - Computer Rock, Schoolhouse Rock! - Tribute Album

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Citgo was a sponsor of the Wood Brothers racing team in NASCAR for many years, winning races with drivers such as Kyle Petty, Neil Bonnett and Dale Jarrett. They also sponsored the Roush Racing team of Jeff Burton before pulling out of the sport in 2003. It is now a major sponsor of the Bassmaster Fishing Tour. Citgo is also the sponsor of a charity golf tournament benefiting the ...

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Citgo, Citgo - History, Citgo - Sponsorships, Citgo - The Boston Citgo sign, Citgo - Jingle

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There is a philosophical difference of opinion on what constitutes the advancement of civilization, and technological progress lies at the heart of the discussion. One view holds that the most advanced civilization is the one that is the most peaceful, compassionate, tolerant (of non-evil acts), just, and worldly. The other view holds that the most advanced civilization is the one which has the most advanced technology; that civilization 'deserves' to ...

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Technological escalation, Technological escalation - Technological escalation in war, Technological escalation - Objects and methods, Technological escalation - Paradigms or worldviews, Technological escalation - History of technological escalation as indicator of success, Technological escalation - Motives, Technological escalation - Effects

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Normal butter softens to a spreadable consistency around 15 °C (60 °F), well above refrigerator temperatures. The "butter compartment" found in many refrigerators may be one of the warmer sections inside, but it still leaves butter quite hard. Until recently, many refrigerators sold in New Zealand featured a "butter conditioner", a compartment kept warmer than the rest of the refrigerator—but still cooler than room temperature—with a small heater.^{See also:}

Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

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India produces and consumes more butter than any other nation, dedicating almost half of its annual milk production to making butter or ghee. In 1997, India produced 1,470,000 metric tons of butter, consuming almost all of it. Second in production was the United States (522,000 tons), then France (466,000), Germany (442,000), and New Zealand (307,000). In terms of consumption, Germany was second after India, using 578,000 tons of butter in 1997, followed by France (528,000), Russia (514,000), and the United States (505,000). M ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

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Since even accidental agitation can turn cream into butter, it is likely that the invention of butter goes back to the earliest days of dairying, perhaps in the Mesopotamian area between 9000 and 8000 BCE. The earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat's milk; cattle are not thought to have been domesticated for another thousand years or so.[6] An ancient method of butter making, still used today in some parts of Africa and the Near ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

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According to USDA figures, one tablespoon of butter (14 grams) contains 100 calories, all from fat, 11 grams of fat, of which seven grams are saturated fat, and 30 milligrams of cholesterol.[20] In other words, butter consists mostly of saturated fat and is a significant source of dietary cholesterol. For these reasons, butter has been generally considered to be a contributor to health problems, especially heart disease. ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

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This word is used by theologians and canon lawyers to refer to the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, adopted by ecumenical councils. Canonical can also mean "part of the canon", i.e., one of the books comprising the biblical canon, as opposed to apocryphal books. ...

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Canonical, Canonical - Religion, Canonical - Literature and art, Canonical - Mathematics, Canonical - Computer science, Canonical - Physics

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It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. (Read the full text.) However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier. It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British govern ...

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Daylight saving time, Daylight saving time - Origin, Daylight saving time - Observation of DST, Daylight saving time - Usage and history by location, Daylight saving time - Africa, Daylight saving time - Asia, Daylight saving time - Australasia, Daylight saving time - Europe, Daylight saving time - North America, Daylight saving time - South America, Daylight saving time - Rationales for DST, Daylight saving time - Criticism of DST, Daylight saving time - Mnemonic, Daylight saving time - Associated practices, Daylight saving time - The name, Daylight saving time - Notes, Daylight saving time - Books

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In theoretical physics, the concept of canonical (or conjugate) variables is of major importance. They always occur in complementary pairs, such as spatial location x and linear momentum p, angle φ and angular momentum L, and energy E and time t. Canonical variables are essential in the Hamiltonian formulation of physics, which is particularly important in quantum mechanics. For instance, the Schrödinger equation and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation always incorporate canonical variables. Canoni ...

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Canonical, Canonical - Religion, Canonical - Literature and art, Canonical - Mathematics, Canonical - Computer science, Canonical - Physics

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Some circles in the field of computer science have borrowed this usage from mathematicians. It has come to mean "the usual or standard state or manner of something"; for example, "the canonical way to organize a file system is as a hierarchy, with extensions to make it a directed graph". For an illuminating story about the word's use among computer scientists, see the Jargon File's entry for the word[1]. Some people have been known to use the word canonicality; others use canonicity. In fields other than computer science, canonicity is this word's canonical form. The company Canonical ...

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Canonical, Canonical - Religion, Canonical - Literature and art, Canonical - Mathematics, Canonical - Computer science, Canonical - Physics

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Unhomogenized milk and cream contain butterfat in the form of microscopic globules, each of which is surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids (fatty acid emulsifiers) and proteins. These membranes are what prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. Making butter involves agitating cream to damage the fat globule membranes, allowing the fats to come together and separate from the other parts of the cream. The specific details of how this is done can create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the bu ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

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