Main article: list of extinct languages With last known speaker and date of death: entire Alsean family Alsea: John Albert (1942) Yaquina: (1884) Apalachee: (early 18th century) Atakapa: (early 20th century) Atsugewi: (1988) Beothuk: Shanawdithit (white person name: "Nancy April") (1829) Cayuse: (ca. 1930s) Chemakum: (ca. 1940s) Chimariko: (ca. 1930s)See also:

Endangered language, Endangered language - Identifying endangered languages, Endangered language - Causes, Endangered language - Debate Over Endangered Languages, Endangered language - Examples of endangered languages, Endangered language - Examples of recently extinct languages, Endangered language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Endangered language: Encyclopedia II - Endangered language - Examples of recently extinct languages

See also:

Endangered language, Endangered language - Identifying endangered languages, Endangered language - Causes, Endangered language - Debate Over Endangered Languages, Endangered language - Examples of endangered languages, Endangered language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Endangered language: Encyclopedia II - Endangered language - Identifying endangered languages

An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. Normally this occurs when a language undergoes language death while being directly replaced by a different one, for example, Coptic, which was replaced by Arabic, and many Native American languages, whose languages were replaced by English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese. A more controversial usage of the term dead language, is to refer to an older language which changed significantly and evolved into a new lan ...

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Extinct language - Examples of recently extinct languages Extinct language - Links Extinct language - Bibliography

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Chinook Jargon was a trade language (or pidgin) of the Pacific Northwest, which spread quickly up the West Coast from Oregon, through Washington, British Columbia, and as far as Alaska. It is related to, but not the same as the indigenous language of the Chinook people, upon which much of its vocabulary is based. Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but today the term Chinook Wawa is preferred by linguists working with the preservation of a creoli ...

Including:

Chinook Jargon - Origins Chinook Jargon - Usage Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia - Chinook Jargon

The last native speaker in Ontario died in 2001. Today there is a resurging interest in the language, with limited school programmes available to children. Scottish Gaelic music is Cape Breton's most famous export, and Halifax held its first International Fèis, a weekend-long celebration of Scottish Gaelic music and culture, in June 2005. Tourism and revenue in Nova Scotia are closely attached to the continuing success of the province's Scottish Gaelic heritage, and by extension the language. Recent initiatives have bee ...

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Scottish Gaelic in Canada, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Origins, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Scottish Gaelic Canadian Culture, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bungee, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Canadian Scottish Gaelic Today, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bibliography

Read more here: » Scottish Gaelic in Canada: Encyclopedia II - Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Canadian Scottish Gaelic Today

Jargon placenames are found throughout the Pacific Northwest and Mountain States. A few Jargon words: Nika or naika: I, mine or anything first-person (spellings are optional, pronunciation is the same. In Grand Ronde Chinuk-Wawa the 'k' is unaspirated, unlike in British Columbia versions of the Jargon. hyak: fast, swift. This word, in its occasional speelling hyack, is the nickname for the New Westminter regiment of the Canadian Forces, who annually set off a 21-anvil salute during the ...

See also:

Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins and Evolution, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

The Government of Tibet in Exile and its supporters use the term to describe the activities of the People's Republic of China in Tibet which it claims is destroying ancient Tibetan culture and religion. The activities which the Government in Exile accuses the Chinese government of performing include closing Tibetan Buddhist temples and encouraging outside immigration into Tibet. Supporters of the People's Republic of China argue that while wishing to stop secessionist activity in Tibet it does not actively desire to see Tibetan cultur ...

See also:

Cultural genocide, Cultural genocide - United Nations, Cultural genocide - Examples, Cultural genocide - Notes

Read more here: » Cultural genocide: Encyclopedia II - Cultural genocide - Examples

Main article: list of extinct languages With last known speaker and/or date of death: entire Alsean family Alsea: John Albert (1942) Yaquina: (1884) Apalachee: (early 18th century) Atakapa: (early 20th century) Atsugewi: (1988) Beothuk: Shanawdithit (white person name: "Nancy April") (1829) entire Catawban family: Catawba: before 1960 Woccon See also:

Extinct language, Extinct language - Recently extinct languages, Extinct language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Extinct language: Encyclopedia II - Extinct language - Recently extinct languages

Main article: list of extinct languages With last known speaker and date of death: entire Alsean family Alsea: John Albert (1942) Yaquina: (1884) Apalachee: (early 18th century) Atakapa: (early 20th century) Atsugewi: (1988) Beothuk: Shanawdithit (white person name: "Nancy April") (1829) entire Catawban family: Catawba: before 1960 Woccon ...

See also:

Extinct language, Extinct language - Examples of recently extinct languages, Extinct language - Links, Extinct language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Extinct language: Encyclopedia II - Extinct language - Examples of recently extinct languages

There is some controversy about the origin of the Jargon, but all agree that its glory days were during the 19th Century. During this era many dictionaries were published in order to help settlers interact with the First Nations people already living there. The old settler families' heirs in the Pacific Northwest sent communiques to each other, stylishly composed entirely in The Chinuk. Many residents of the British Columbia city of Vancouver chose to speak Chinook Jargon as their first language, even using it at home in preference to ...

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Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Origins

Pacific Northwest Coast historians are well acquainted with the Chinook Jargon, in name if not in the ability to understand it as mention of it, and sometimes phrases of it, turn in in nearly every piece of historical source material before 1900. For everyone else, the fact that Chinook Jargon ever existed is relatively unknown, perhaps due to the great influx of newcomers into the influential urban areas. However, the memory of this language is not likely to fade entirely. Many words are still used and enjoyed throughout Washington, British ...

See also:

Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins and Evolution, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Usage

There is some controversy about the origin of the Jargon, but all agree that its glory days were during the 19th Century. During this era many dictionaries were published in order to help settlers interact with the First Nations people already living there. The old settler families' heirs in the Pacific Northwest sent communiques to each other, stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook". Many residents of the British Columbia city of Vancouver chose to speak Chinook Jargon as their first language, even using it at home in preference to Eng ...

See also:

Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins and Evolution, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Origins and Evolution

Pacific Northwest Coast historians are well acquainted with the Chinook Jargon, in name if not in the ability to understand it. For everyone else, the fact that Chinook Jargon ever existed is relatively unknown, perhaps due to the great influx of newcomers into the influential urban areas. However, the memory of this language is not likely to fade entirely. Many words are still used and enjoyed throughout Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. Oldtimers still dimly remember it, although in their youth, speaking this language was discourag ...

See also:

Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Usage

After the Scottish Highland Clearances many Gaelic-speaking Highlanders were forced from their homes to make way for livestock. They took up residence in the primarily unsettled Cape Breton Island, and came on the Pictou, the first of many ships carrying Gaelic-speaking pioneers. At one point a motion was tabled in Parliament that Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic and Irish not having been seen as distinct at the time) be made the third official language of the Dominion, but did not pass. More settlers came to Canada from Scotland than from any ...

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Scottish Gaelic in Canada, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Origins, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Scottish Gaelic Canadian Culture, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bungee, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Canadian Scottish Gaelic Today, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bibliography

Read more here: » Scottish Gaelic in Canada: Encyclopedia II - Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Origins

Bungee was spoken in western Canada by Métis descendended from Scottish and Cree voyageurs. The language was a mixture of Cree and Scottish Gaelic, and was spoken until the mid-twentieth century. Much like the better-known (and still-spoken) Michif, Bungee was thought to have been a mixed language. ...

See also:

Scottish Gaelic in Canada, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Origins, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Scottish Gaelic Canadian Culture, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bungee, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Canadian Scottish Gaelic Today, Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bibliography

Read more here: » Scottish Gaelic in Canada: Encyclopedia II - Scottish Gaelic in Canada - Bungee

Jargon placenames are found throughout the Pacific Northwest and Mountain States. A few Jargon words: Nika: I, mine or anything first-person hyak: fast, swift hyas: big, important; hyas tyee - king, high chief kultus: bad, worthless, inconsequential, unimportant memaloose: dead, dead body or death cayuse: a horse or pony, in some areas also a coyote; the variant cayoosh is found in British Columbia and has special meaning there a ...

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Chinook Jargon, Chinook Jargon - Origins, Chinook Jargon - Usage, Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

Read more here: » Chinook Jargon: Encyclopedia II - Chinook Jargon - Vocabulary

There many types of language death including the following: gradual language death bottom-to-top language death radical language death linguicide (a.k.a. sudden language death, language death by genocide, physical language death, biological language death) The most common process leading to language death is one in which a community of speakers of one language becomes bilingual in another language, and gradually shift allegiance to the second language until they cease to use their origina ...

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Language death, Language death - Types of language death, Language death - Linguicide, Language death - Language attrition, Language death - Causes: Sociolinguistics, Language death - Consequences on grammar, Language death - Language revival, Language death - Language loss & language acquisition, Language death - Historical language change & dead languages, Language death - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language death: Encyclopedia II - Language death - Types of language death

Additionally, a language can become "dead" through a gradual process of language change, such as that from Old English into Modern English, or Latin into the Romance languages. However, the term language death is not usually used to describe this process. Contrary to popular belief, the Latin language has never died, at least not in this linguistic sense. Instead, it continues to be passed on as mother tongue even today. Throughout the millenia, the effects of language evolution have vastly changed the language; also, separatio ...

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Language death, Language death - Types of language death, Language death - Linguicide, Language death - Language attrition, Language death - Causes: Sociolinguistics, Language death - Consequences on grammar, Language death - Language revival, Language death - Language loss & language acquisition, Language death - Historical language change & dead languages, Language death - Bibliography

Read more here: » Language death: Encyclopedia II - Language death - Historical language change & dead languages

Some linguists argue that at least 3,000 of the world's 6,000-7,000 languages are liable to be lost before the year 2100. There are two basic views as to the implications of this. One view holds that this is problematic and the extinction of languages should be prevented, even at significant cost. A number of reasons are cited, including: an enormous number of languages represents a vast, largely unmapped terrain on which linguists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers can chart the full capabilities and limits of the m ...

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Endangered language, Endangered language - Identifying endangered languages, Endangered language - Causes, Endangered language - Debate Over Endangered Languages, Endangered language - Examples of endangered languages, Endangered language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Endangered language: Encyclopedia II - Endangered language - Debate Over Endangered Languages

Main article: list of endangered languages Curonian (Kursh) language Ainu Defaka, an Ijoid language of Nigeria Livonian Sami languages Sorbian languages Udmurt Manchu Chukchi Wymysojer (Wilamowicean) Most Native American languages in the US and Canada are endangered, if not outright extinct. A few languages are exceptions like Navajo or Cherokee. Catawba - Last fluent speaker died in 1996. Cowlitz, Eyak, Eastern Abnaki, Kalapuya, Klamath-Modoc, Lipan Apache, Serrano, Tagish, and Wap ...

See also:

Endangered language, Endangered language - Identifying endangered languages, Endangered language - Causes, Endangered language - Debate Over Endangered Languages, Endangered language - Examples of endangered languages, Endangered language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Endangered language: Encyclopedia II - Endangered language - Examples of endangered languages