Encyclopedia - End Of Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - End Of Civilization - Future Scenarios
There are many scenarios that have been suggested that could happen in the future. Some are certain to happen and will almost certainly e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - End Of The Civil Strife
In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. The amnesty was not extended t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - End Of The Civil Strife
In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. The amnesty was not extended t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - The End Of The War: 1949
The fatal blow to the KKE and the DSE, however, was political, not military. In June of that year, the Soviet Union and its satellites br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - The End Of The War: 1949
The fatal blow to the KKE and the DSE, however, was political, not military. In June of that year, the Soviet Union and its satellites br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - End Of The First War
The military events of 1646 call for no comment. The only field army remaining to the King was Goring's, and though Hopton, who sorrowful...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia - American Civil War
KIA: 110,100 Total dead: 359,500 Wounded: 275,200 Total dead: 198,500 Wounded: 137,000+ The American Civil War (1861–1865) was fought i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Introduction
The Greek Civil War was fought between 1946 and 1949, and was the first example of a post-war Communist insurgency. The victory of the go...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Background: 1941-44
The origins of the civil war lie in the occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany and Bulgaria from 1941 to 1944. King George II and his gover...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Confrontation: 1944
By the summer of 1944 it was obvious that the Germans would soon withdraw from Greece, because the armed forces of the Soviet Union were ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Background: 1941-44
The origins of the civil war lie in the occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany and Bulgaria from 1941 to 1944. King George II and his gover...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Interlude: 1945-1946
In February 1945 the various Greek parties came to the Varkiza Agreement, with the support of all the Allies. This provided for the compl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greek Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Greek Civil War - Civil War: 1946-1949
Fighting resumed in March 1946, as armed bands of ELAS veterans infiltrated into Greece through the mountainous regions near the Yugoslav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clash Of Civilizations: Encyclopedia Ii - Clash Of Civilizations - Huntington's The Clash Of Civilizations
Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Civil War - Background
Irish Civil War - The Treaty. The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Anglo-Irish War (or "Irish War of Independence"), fought between Ir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Civil War - Course Of The War
Irish Civil War - Dublin fighting. In April 1922 anti-treaty militants led by Rory O'Connor occupied the Four Courts in Dublin, resulti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Irish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Irish Civil War - Cost And Results
The Civil War, though short, was bloody. It cost the lives of many senior figures, including Michael Collins. Both sides carried out brut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Second Phase Of The War 1977-82
Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978. Israel Defense Forces entered South Lebanon with the declared purpose "t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Fourth Phase Of The War 1984-89
Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis. Between 1985 and 1989, sectarian conflict worsened as various efforts at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Background To The War
Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots. Lebanon in its modern borders was established in 1920, as a French mandate granted by the League o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Fourth Phase Of The War 1984-89
Lebanese Civil War - Worsening conflict and political crisis. Between 1985 and 1989, sectarian conflict worsened as various efforts at ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Background To The War
Lebanese Civil War - Colonial roots. Main article: French Mandate of Lebanon Lebanon in its modern borders was established in 1920, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Aftermath
Northern leaders agreed that the war would be over when Confederate nationalism was dead, and slavery was dead. They disagreed sharply on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - The Question Of Slavery
As slavery and constitutional questions concerning states' rights were widely viewed as the major causes of the war, the victorious Union...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Further Reading And Viewing
There have been over 50,000 books published about the Civil War. It is often cited as the single subject with the most number of books pu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - Scotland And The Second And Third English Civil Wars
Scottish Civil War - Second Civil War. Ironically, no sooner had the Covenanters defeated the Royalists at home than they were negotiat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - The Question Of Slavery
As slavery and constitutional questions concerning states' rights were widely viewed as the major causes of the war, the victorious Union...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Aftermath
Congress proposed the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, barring slavery throughout the United States; it was ratified by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civil Partnerships In The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Civil Partnerships In The United Kingdom - Law And Procedure Under The Civil Partnership Act
A civil partnership is a relationship between two people of the same sex, formed when they register as civil partners of each other, whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - The Division Of The Country
American Civil War - The Union States. Main article: Union (American Civil War) There were 23 Union States: California, Connecticut, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Origins Of The Conflict
Although there is no disagreement among historians on the events that led to war, there is disagreement on exactly what caused what. Ame...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - The Division Of The Country
American Civil War - The Union States. There were 23 Union States: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Border States
Main article: Border states (Civil War) Along with the northwestern counties of Virginia (whose residents did not wish to secede and even...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Major Land Battles
The ten costliest land battles, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing) were: (Pennsylvania) (Georgia) (Virginia)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Foreign Diplomacy
Because of the Confederacy's attempt to create a new state, recognition and support from the European powers were critical to its prospec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - Scottish Royalists
However, some in Scotland continued to side with the King. These were most prominent in the Highlands and north-east of Scotland. There w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Origins Of The Conflict
There had been a continuing contest between the states and the national government over the power of the latter, and over the loyalty of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Narrative Summary
Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's secession from the Union. Lincoln was not even on the b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Major Land Battles
The ten costliest land battles, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing) were: (Pennsylvania) (Georgia) (Virginia)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Foreign Diplomacy
Because of the Confederacy's attempt to create a new state, recognition and support from the European powers were critical to its prospec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Overview
"The English Civil War" (1642–51), is a generic name for the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the rai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - First Phase Of The War 1975-77
Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres. Throughout the Spring of 1975, minor clashes had been building up towar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Third Phase Of The War 1982-83
Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon. On 3 June 1982, the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Israeli ambassad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - First Phase Of The War 1975-77
Lebanese Civil War - Sectarian violence and civilian massacres. Throughout the Spring of 1975, minor clashes had been building up towar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Second Phase Of The War 1977-82
Lebanese Civil War - Israel intervenes in South Lebanon 1978. Israel Defense Forces entered South Lebanon with the declared purpose "t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Third Phase Of The War 1982-83
Lebanese Civil War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon. On 3 June 1982, the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Israeli ambassad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Plans Of Campaign For 1644
The original plan of the Parliamentary "Committee of Both Kingdoms", which directed the military and civil policy of the allies after the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Campaign Of Marston Moor
During these manoeuvres, the northern campaign had been fought to an issue. Rupert's courage and energy were more likely to command succe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Second Newbury
The second battle of Newbury is remarkable as being the first great manoeuvre-battle (as distinct from "pitched" battle) of the Civil War...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - The Plo And Regional Conflict
As a result of the Cairo Agreement in 1969, the Palestinians were legally allowed to operate as a militia within Lebanon, to fight Israel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Formation Of Militias
Constitutionally guaranteed Christian control of the government had come under increasing fire from Muslims and secular left wing groups ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - Formation Of Militias
Constitutionally guaranteed Christian control of the government had come under increasing fire from Muslims and secular left wing groups ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lebanese Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Lebanese Civil War - The Plo And Regional Conflict
As a result of the Cairo Agreement in 1969, the Palestinians were legally allowed to operate as a militia within Lebanon, to fight Israel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Onderon: Encyclopedia Ii - Onderon - History
The native Onderonians struggled against the beasts, eventually gathering new technologies and building the huge walled city (and only ci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Onderon: Encyclopedia Ii - Onderon - The Civil War
In the cataclysmic aftermath of the Jedi Civil War, Canderous Ordo, who was claimed the new Mandalore, reunited some of the scattered Man...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - Origins Of The War — Wars In Three Kingdoms
Scotland had helped to spark this series of civil wars in 1639, when it had risen in revolt against Charles I's religious policies. The N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Langport
By that time, Fairfax and Goring were at close quarters. The Royalist general's line of defence faced west along the Yeo, and the Parrett...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Schemes Of Lord Digby
This time Rupert would not be with him. The prince, now despairing of success and hoping only for a peace on the best terms procurable, l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Montrose's Last Victories
David Leslie did not pursue him. Montrose, though the King did not yet know it, had won two more battles, and was practically master of a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Fall Of Bristol
But Charles was in no case to resume his northern march. Fairfax and the New Model, after reducing Bridgwater, had turned back to clear a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Philiphaugh
Nor was Montrose's position, even after Kilsyth, encouraging, in spite of the persistent rumours of fighting in Westmorland that reached ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Digby's Northern Expedition
Charles received the news of Philiphaugh on the 28 September, and gave orders that the west should be abandoned, the prince of Wales shou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Organisation Of The New Model Army
Returning to the New Model, its first necessity was regular pay; its first duty to serve wherever it might be sent. Of the three armies t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - First Operations Of 1645
On the Royalist side, the campaign of 1645 opened in the west, where Charles II, the young prince of Wales was sent with Hyde (later, Ear...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Rupert's Northern March
In the Midlands and Lancashire, the Royalist horse, as ill-behaved even as Goring's men, were directly responsible for the ignominious fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Cromwell's Raid
Having without difficulty, rid himself of the Clubmen, Rupert was eager to resume his march into the north. It is unlikely that he wished...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Civilian Strategy
Cromwell's success thus forced the King to concentrate his various armies in the neighbourhood of Oxford. The New Model had, so Fairfax a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Charles In The Midlands
On the other side also, the generals were working by data that had ceased to have any value. Fairfax's siege of Oxford, ordered by the Co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Dundee
After the destruction of the Campbells at Inverlochy, Montrose had cleared away the rest of his enemies without difficulty. He now gained...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Campaign Of Naseby
If the news of Auldearn brought Leven to the region of Carlisle, it had little effect on his English allies. Fairfax was not yet released...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Effects Of Naseby
After Naseby, though the war dragged on for another year, the King never succeeded in raising an army as good as, or even more numerous t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Fairfax's Western Campaign
This, in the hands of Fairfax and Cromwell, was likely to be effective. While the King and Rupert, with the remnant of their cavalry, hur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The Plan Of Campaign 1643
The King's plan of operations for the next campaign, which was perhaps inspired from abroad, was more elaborate than the simple "point" o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Victories Of Hopton
But affairs improved in May. The Queen's long-expected convoy arrived at Woodstock on 13 May. Stamford's army, which had again entered Co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Adwalton Moor
Newcastle, meanwhile, had resumed operations against the clothing towns, this time with success. The Fairfaxes had been fighting in the W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Cromwell And The Eastern Association
This had already intervened to help in the siege of Reading and had sent troops to the abortive gathering at Nottingham, besides clearing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Siege And Relief Of Gloucester
This decision quickly brought on a crisis. While the Earl of Manchester (with Cromwell as his lieutenant-general) was appointed to head t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Hull And Winceby
Meanwhile the siege of Hull had commenced. The Eastern Association forces under Manchester promptly moved up into Lincolnshire, the foot ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The Irish Cessation And The Solemn League And Covenant
Politically, these months were the turning-point of the war. In Ireland, the King's lieutenant, by order of his master, made a truce with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Newark And Cheriton March 1644
As in 1643, Rupert was soon on his way to the north to retrieve the fortunes of his side. Moving by the Welsh border, and gathering up ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Cropredy Bridge
It was now possible for the enemy to approach Oxford. Abingdon was no sooner evacuated than (26 May) Waller's and Essex's armies united t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Independency
The victory gave Parliament entire control of the north, but it did not lead to the definitive solution of the political problem. In fact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Lostwithiel
But all this was as yet in the future. Essex's military promenade in the west of England was the subject of immediate interest. At first ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Operations Of Essex's Waller's And Manchester's Armies
After the success of Lostwithiel, there was little to detain Charles's main army in the extreme west. Meanwhile, Banbury, a most importan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The Self-denying Ordinance
On the other side, the dissensions between the generals had become flagrant and public. It was no longer possible for the Houses of Parli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Decline Of The Royalist Cause
A raid of Goring's horse from the west into Surrey, and an unsuccessful attack on General Browne at Abingdon, were the chief enterprises ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The New-model Ordinance
For the present, however, Charles's cause was crumbling, more from internal weakness than from the blows of the enemy. Fresh negotiations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Victories Of Montrose
Meanwhile in Scotland, Montrose was winning victories which amazed the people of the two kingdoms. Montrose's royalism differed less from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Inverlochy
Only Argyll now remained to be dealt with. The Campbells were fighting men from birth, like Montrose's own men, and had few townsmen serv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The Royalist And Parliamentarian Armies
This thread of local feeling and respect for the laws runs through the earlier operations of both sides, almost irrespective of the main ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Campaign Of 1642
When the King raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, war was already in progress on a small scale in many districts; each s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - Battle Of Edgehill
Rupert promptly reported the enemy's presence, and his confidence dominated the irresolution of the King, and the caution of the Earl of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First English Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - First English Civil War - The Winter Of 1642-43
In the winter, while Essex's army lay inactive at Windsor, Charles by degrees consolidated his position in the region of Oxford. The city...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civil Partnerships In The United Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Civil Partnerships In The United Kingdom - Protests
The first few civil partnership ceremonies saw some protests by religious groups opposed to them, for example from the Free Presbyterian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - American Civil War - Analysis Of Why The North Won
Why the Union prevailed (or why the Confederacy was defeated) in the Civil War has been a subject of extensive analysis and debate. Could...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - From Occupation To Restoration
The next year, 1652, the remnants of organised Royalist resistance in Scotland was mopped up. Dunottar Castle was the last stronghold to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - The Irish Intervention
Montrose had already tried and failed to lead a Royalist uprising by 1644, when he was presented with a ready made Royalist army. The Iri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - Tippermuir Aberdeen And Inverlochy
In the Autumn of 1644, the Royalists marched across the Highlands to Perth, where they smashed a Covenanter force at the battle of Tipper...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scottish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Scottish Civil War - Triumph And Disaster For The Royalists
Their victory at Inverlochy gave the Royalists control over the western Highlands and attracted other clans and noblemen to their cause. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - End Of Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - End Of Civilization - Types Of Risks
Various risks exist for mankind and civilization, but not all risks are equal. Risks can be roughly categorized into six types based on t...   » Read the article