devoid: Completely without; empty.

(See also: Devoid, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

The nature of qi is highly controversial, and the old controversy in Chinese philosophy as to the nature of qi still exists. Among some traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners, qi is merely a metaphor for biological processes similar to the Western concept of the soul, and there is no need to invoke new biology, much less new physics, to account for its effects. Others argue that qi involves some new physics or biology. Attempts to directly connect qi with some scientific phenonomena have been attempted since the mid-nineteenth cent ...

See also:

Qi, Qi - Qi in traditional Chinese medicine, Qi - Views and opinions of qi

Read more here: » Qi: Encyclopedia II - Qi - Views and opinions of qi

A common complaint about the Wade-Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using apostrophes: p, p', t, t', k, k', ch, ch'. However, the use of apostrophes preserves b, d, g, and j for the romanization of Chinese dialects containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Taiwanese (Hō-ló-oē) whose cent ...

See also:

Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles - History, Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds, Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols, Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime, Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o, Wade-Giles - Punctuation, Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin, Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia II - Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds

What is pronounced as a close-mid back unrounded vowel is written usually as -e as in pinyin, but sometimes as -o. This vowel in an isolate syllable is written as o or ê. When placed in a syllable, it is e; except when preceded by k, k', and h, when it is o. What is actually pronounced as -uo is virtually always written as -o in Wade-Giles, except shuo and the three syllables of kuo, k'uo, and huo, which already have the counterparts o ...

See also:

Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles - History, Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds, Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols, Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime, Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o, Wade-Giles - Punctuation, Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin, Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia II - Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o

The above definition is usually all that's needed for the most common mathematical applications. However, it is possible to define the Cartesian product over an arbitrary (possibly infinite) collection of sets. If I is any index set, and {X i | i in I} is a collection of sets indexed by I, then we define that is, the set of all functions defined on the index set such that the value of the function at a particular index i is an element of Xi . For each i in I, the function ...

See also:

Cartesian product, Cartesian product - Cartesian square and n-ary product, Cartesian product - Infinite products, Cartesian product - Cartesian product of functions, Cartesian product - Category theory

Read more here: » Cartesian product: Encyclopedia II - Cartesian product - Infinite products

One starts with a non-empty finite set Σ called an alphabet. Elements of this alphabet are called characters. A string (or word) over Σ is any finite sequence of characters from Σ. Infinite sequences of characters are not allowed in this definition. A particularly important string is the sequence of no characters, called the empty string. The empty string is often denoted ε or λ. For example, if Σ = {0, 1}, strings over Σ are of the form

One starts with a non-empty finite set Σ called an alphabet. Elements of this alphabet are called characters. A string (or word) over Σ is any finite sequence of characters from Σ. Infinite sequences of characters are not allowed in this definition. A particularly important string is the sequence of no characters, called the empty string. The empty string is often denoted ε or λ. For example, if Σ = {0, 1}, strings over Σ are of the form

If f is a function from A to B and g is a function from X to Y, their cartesian product f×g is a function from A×X to B×Y with (f×g)(a, x) = (f(a), g(x)). As above this can be extended to tuples and infinite collections of functions. ...

See also:

Cartesian product, Cartesian product - Cartesian square and n-ary product, Cartesian product - Infinite products, Cartesian product - Cartesian product of functions, Cartesian product - Category theory

Read more here: » Cartesian product: Encyclopedia II - Cartesian product - Cartesian product of functions

In addition to the apostrophes used for distinguishing the multiple sounds of a single Latin symbol, Wade-Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word, whereas Pinyin only uses apostrophes to separate ambiguous syllables. Originally in his dictionary, Giles used left apostrophes (‘) consistently. Such orientation was followed in Sinological works until the 1950s or 60s, when it started to be gradually replaced by right apostrophes (’) in academic literature. On-line publications almost always use the plain apostrophe ('). Apostrophes are completely ignored in Taiwanese passports, hence their ...

See also:

Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles - History, Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds, Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols, Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime, Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o, Wade-Giles - Punctuation, Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin, Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia II - Wade-Giles - Punctuation

The Wade-Giles system was designed to transliterate Chinese terms for Chinese specialists. This origin has led to a general sense that the system is non-intuitive for non-specialists and not useful for teaching Chinese pronunciation. The Republic of China has used Wade-Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official but obscure Romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). Taiwanese placenames in international use have still been virtually all in W ...

See also:

Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles - History, Wade-Giles - One symbol-multiple sounds, Wade-Giles - One sound-multiple symbols, Wade-Giles - Precision with empty rime, Wade-Giles - Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o, Wade-Giles - Punctuation, Wade-Giles - Other differences with Pinyin, Wade-Giles - Influences

Read more here: » Wade-Giles: Encyclopedia II - Wade-Giles - History

The Trial is a chilling story that maintains a constant, relentless atmosphere of unease, right up to the brutal ending. Superficially the subject matter is political; an illustration of a truly twisted brand of law enforcement. However, one of the strengths of the novel is in its description of the effect of these circumstances on the life and mind of Josef K. It presents the absurdity of human nature, of drudging along without direction, and without result. It can also be considered allegorically in a number of frameworks, for examp ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

The Trial is a chilling story that maintains a constant, relentless atmosphere of unease, right up to the brutal ending. Superficially the subject matter is political; an illustration of a truly twisted brand of law enforcement. However, one of the strengths of the novel is in its description of the effect of these circumstances on the life and mind of Josef K. It presents the absurdity of human nature, of drudging along without direction, and without result. It can also be considered allegorically in a number of frameworks, for examp ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions, The Trial - External link

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

Another type of center two-way lane is a center left-turn lane (for countries which drive on the right) or just center turn lane, a single lane in the center of the road into which traffic from both directions pulls to make a left turn. It is also used by drivers turning left onto the main road. While this is sometimes also called a "suicide lane", it is actually far safer, as car accidents occur at far lower speeds. These roads are very common in suburban areas, and rather less common in rural areas. Many were divided highways before the median was demo ...

See also:

Reversible lane, Reversible lane - Passing lanes, Reversible lane - Turn lanes, Reversible lane - Examples, Reversible lane - Reversible lanes with no or minimal lane controls, Reversible lane - Reversible lanes with lane controls no or minimal physical separation, Reversible lane - Reversible lanes with lane controls physical separation by empty lane, Reversible lane - Third reversible carriageways on freeways, Reversible lane - Oddities

Read more here: » Reversible lane: Encyclopedia II - Reversible lane - Turn lanes

Trenches are the most spectacular morphologic feature on Earth’s solid surface but they were not clearly defined until the late 1940’s and 1950’s. The bathymetry of the ocean was of no real interest until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when we began to lay telegraph cables on the seafloor between the continents. Even then the elongated bathymetric expression of trenches was not recognized until well into the 20th century. The term “trench” does not appear in Murray and Hjort’s (1912) classic oceanography book. Instead th ...

See also:

Oceanic trench, Oceanic trench - Geographic distribution, Oceanic trench - History of the term trench, Oceanic trench - Modern understanding of trenches, Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression, Oceanic trench - Filled trenches, Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport, Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere, Oceanic trench - Empty trenches and subduction erosion, Oceanic trench - Controls on trench depth, Oceanic trench - Major oceanic trenches

Read more here: » Oceanic trench: Encyclopedia II - Oceanic trench - History of the term trench

Trenches are centerpieces of the distinctive physiography of a convergent plate margin. Transects across trenches yield asymmetric profiles, with relatively gentle (~5°) outer (seaward) slope and a steeper (~10-16°) inner (landward) slope. This asymmetry is due to the fact that the outer slope is defined by the top of the downgoing plate, which must bend as it starts its descent. The great thickness of the lithosphere requires that this bending be gentle. As the subducting plate approaches the trench, it is first bent upwards to form the o ...

See also:

Oceanic trench, Oceanic trench - Geographic distribution, Oceanic trench - History of the term trench, Oceanic trench - Modern understanding of trenches, Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression, Oceanic trench - Filled trenches, Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport, Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere, Oceanic trench - Empty trenches and subduction erosion, Oceanic trench - Controls on trench depth, Oceanic trench - Major oceanic trenches

Read more here: » Oceanic trench: Encyclopedia II - Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression

The composition of the inner trench slope and a first-order control on trench morphology is determined by sediment supply. Active accretionary prisms are common for trenches near continents where large rivers or glaciers reach the sea and supply great volumes of sediment which naturally flow to the trench. These filled trenches are confusing because in a plate tectonic sense they are indistinguishable from other convergent margins but lack the bathymetric expression of a trench. The Cascadia margin of the northwest USA is a filled trench, th ...

See also:

Oceanic trench, Oceanic trench - Geographic distribution, Oceanic trench - History of the term trench, Oceanic trench - Modern understanding of trenches, Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression, Oceanic trench - Filled trenches, Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport, Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere, Oceanic trench - Empty trenches and subduction erosion, Oceanic trench - Controls on trench depth, Oceanic trench - Major oceanic trenches

Read more here: » Oceanic trench: Encyclopedia II - Oceanic trench - Filled trenches

Accretionary prisms grow by frontal accretion, whereby sediments are scraped off, bulldozer-fashion, near the trench, or by underplating of subducted sediments and perhaps oceanic crust along the shallow parts of the subduction decollement. Frontal accretion over the life of a convergent margin results in younger sediments defining the outermost part of the accretionary prism and the oldest sediments defining the innermost portion. Older (inner) parts of the accretionary prism are much more lithified and have steeper structures than the youn ...

See also:

Oceanic trench, Oceanic trench - Geographic distribution, Oceanic trench - History of the term trench, Oceanic trench - Modern understanding of trenches, Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression, Oceanic trench - Filled trenches, Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport, Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere, Oceanic trench - Empty trenches and subduction erosion, Oceanic trench - Controls on trench depth, Oceanic trench - Major oceanic trenches

Read more here: » Oceanic trench: Encyclopedia II - Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport

The volume of water escaping from within and beneath the forearc results in some of Earth’s most dynamic and complex interactions between aqueous fluids and rocks. Most of this water is trapped in pores and fractures in the upper lithosphere and sediments of the subducting plate. The average forearc is underrun by a solid volume of oceanic sediment that is 400 m thick. This sediment enters the trench with 50-60% porosity. These sediments are progressively squeezed as they are subducted, reducing void space and forcing fluids out along the ...

See also:

Oceanic trench, Oceanic trench - Geographic distribution, Oceanic trench - History of the term trench, Oceanic trench - Modern understanding of trenches, Oceanic trench - Morphologic expression, Oceanic trench - Filled trenches, Oceanic trench - Accretionary prisms and sediment transport, Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere, Oceanic trench - Empty trenches and subduction erosion, Oceanic trench - Controls on trench depth, Oceanic trench - Major oceanic trenches

Read more here: » Oceanic trench: Encyclopedia II - Oceanic trench - Water and biosphere

The Cartesian square (or binary Cartesian product) of a set X is the Cartesian product X × X. An example is the 2-dimensional plane R × R where R is the set of real numbers - all points (x,y) where x and y are real numbers (see the Cartesian coordinate system). This can be generalized to the n-ary Cartesian product over n sets X1, ..., Xn: Indeed, it can be identified to (X1 × ... × X_{See also:}

Cartesian product, Cartesian product - Cartesian square and n-ary product, Cartesian product - Infinite products, Cartesian product - Cartesian product of functions, Cartesian product - Category theory

Read more here: » Cartesian product: Encyclopedia II - Cartesian product - Cartesian square and n-ary product

Note that in the previous section we excluded the case where M was the empty set (∅). The reason is the follows. The intersection of the collection M is defined as the set (see set-builder notation) If M is empty there are no sets A in M, so the question becomes "which x's satisfy the stated condition?" The answer seems to be every possible x. When M is empty the condition given above is an example of a vacuous truth. So the intersection of the empty family ...

See also:

Intersection set theory, Intersection set theory - Basic definition, Intersection set theory - Arbitrary intersections, Intersection set theory - Nullary intersection

Read more here: » Intersection set theory: Encyclopedia II - Intersection set theory - Nullary intersection

Early proponents of this theory include German theologian Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, who suggested in around 1780 that Jesus deliberately feigned his death, using drugs provided by the physician Luke to appear as a spiritual messiah and get Israel to abandon the idea of a political messiah. In this interpretation of the events described in the Gospels, Jesus was rescusitated by Joseph of Arimathea, with whom he shared a connection through a secret order of the Es ...

See also:

Swoon hypothesis, Swoon hypothesis - 18th and 19th centuries, Swoon hypothesis - 20th century, Swoon hypothesis - Arguments against the swoon hypothesis

Read more here: » Swoon hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Swoon hypothesis - 18th and 19th centuries

Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln, in their 1982 book Holy Blood, Holy Grail, speculated that Pontius Pilate was bribed to allow Jesus to be taken down from the cross before he was dead. In 1992, Barbara Thiering explored the theory in depth in her book Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Other 20th-century proponents of various "swoon theories" include: Ernest Brougham Docker (1920, in If Jesus Did Not Die on the Cross) Robert Graves & Joshua Podro (1957, in Jesus in ...

See also:

Swoon hypothesis, Swoon hypothesis - 18th and 19th centuries, Swoon hypothesis - 20th century, Swoon hypothesis - Arguments against the swoon hypothesis

Read more here: » Swoon hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Swoon hypothesis - 20th century