Empire of Trebizond

Caracalla's decree in 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman Empire, effectively raising provincial populations to equal status with the city of Rome itself. The importance of this decree is historical rather than political. It set the basis for integration where the economic and judicial mechanisms of the state could be applied around the entire Mediterranean as was once done from Latium into all of Italy. Of course, integration did not take place uniformly. ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Origin

"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East and ended its thousand year history, in 1453, as a Greek Orthodox state: An empire that became a nation, almost by the modern meaning of the word".1 In the centuries following the Arab and Lombard conquests in the 7th century, its multi-ethnic (albeit not multi-national) nature remained even though its constituent parts in the Balkans and Asia Minor contained an overwhelmingly large Greek p ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness

Although the three competent Comnenan emperors, especially Manuel, had the power to expel the outnumbered Seljuks, there were a number of reasons they never did so. Whereas the Byzantines had ultimately prevailed over the Arabs in the eighth century, driving them out of Asia Minor and holding a frontier against them, in the twelfth century the Turks were more successful in establishing themselves in these same lands. This was partially due to their nomadic lifestyle, which made them much better suited to life in Anatolia than the Arabs had b ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline

An emperor is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the feminine form and can either be the wife of an emperor or a woman being an imperial monarch herself. Emperors are generally recognised to be above kings in honour and rank. Emperor Akihito of Japan is the world's only reigning emperor. the last imperial monarch in europe was the King-Emperor George VI who ruled as Emperor of India Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of ...

Including:

• Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of monarch
• Emperor - Imperium maius
• Emperor - Historical development
• Emperor - Europe
• Emperor - The Americas
• Emperor - Africa
• Emperor - Asia
• Emperor - Persian tradition
• Emperor - Pre-Columbian American traditions
• Emperor - Other traditions
• Emperor - Lists of emperors
• Emperor - Emperors of traditional empires
• Emperor - Emperors of short-lived 'empires'
• Emperor - Self-proclaimed emperors
• Emperor - Fictional emperors
• Emperor - Notes
• Emperor - Trivia

Read more here: » Emperor: Encyclopedia - Emperor

The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome. Throughout the 5th century, various invasions conquered the western half of the Roman Empire and at best only demanded tribute from the eastern half. Theodosius II fortified the walls of Constantinople, leaving the city impenetrable to attacks: it was to be preserved from foreign conques ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - Early history

Main article: Names of the Greeks The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the original Greek name for Constantinople; Byzantium. The name is a modern term and would have been alien to its contemporaries. The Empire's native Greek name was Ῥωμανία Romanía or Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Basileía Romaíon, a direct translation of the Latin name of the Roman Empire, See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire's loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. Emperor Heraclius fully Hellenized the Eastern Roman Empire by making Greek the official language, thus ending the last remnants of Latin and ancient Roman tradition within the empire. The use of Latin in government records, (Latin titles such as Augustus and the concept of the Eastern Roman Empire being one with Rome) fell into abeyance, which allowed the empire to pursue its own identity. Many historians mark the ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival

The region was settled early by a neolithic culture. In the 1970s, archaeological excavations revealed a number of ancient settlements that included houses with galleries, carbon-dated to the 5th millennium BC in the Imiris-gora region of (Eastern Georgia). These dwellings were circular or oval in plan, a characteristic feature being the central pier and chimney. These features were used and further ...

See also:

History of Georgia country, History of Georgia country - Ancient and medieval Georgia, History of Georgia country - Georgia under the Russian Empire 1801 - 1918, History of Georgia country - The Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918 - 1921, History of Georgia country - Georgia under the Soviet Union 1921 - 1990, History of Georgia country - Post-communist Georgia 1990 - 2003, History of Georgia country - Georgia after Shevardnadze

Read more here: » History of Georgia country: Encyclopedia II - History of Georgia country - Ancient and medieval Georgia

Originally founded as Trapezus by traders from Miletus (traditionally in 756 BC), the city was one of a number (about ten) of Milesian emporia, or trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include Sinope, Abydos and Cyzicus (in the Dardanelles). Like most Greek colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the word. When Xenophon and the "ten thousand" Greek mercenaries fighting their way out of Persia, reached Trapezus, it was the first Greek city they had reached ( ...

See also:

Trabzon, Trabzon - History, Trabzon - Geography, Trabzon - Etymology, Trabzon - Tourist attractions, Trabzon - Reference

Read more here: » Trabzon: Encyclopedia II - Trabzon - History

See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

See also:

Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

Read more here: » Lists of office-holders: Encyclopedia II - Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities

After the failure of the Third Crusade, there was little interest in Europe for another crusade against the Muslims. The Fourth Crusade was the last of the major crusades to be directed by the Papacy, before the Popes lost much of their power to the Holy Roman Empire and other secular monarchs. The later crusades were directed by individual monarchs, and even the Fourth quickly fell out of Papal control. In 1198, Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade, which was largely ignored among European leaders. The Germans were struggling a ...

See also:

Fourth Crusade, Fourth Crusade - Background, Fourth Crusade - Attack on Zara, Fourth Crusade - Diversion to Constantinople, Fourth Crusade - Further attacks on Constantinople, Fourth Crusade - Final capture of Constantinople; outcome

Read more here: » Fourth Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Fourth Crusade - Background

Giresun < Kerason < Kerasounta < Kerasus "horn" (for peninsula) in Greek + ounta "Greek toponomical suffix" Source: Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük (Blacksea: Encyclopedic Ditionary). 2 Cilt (2 Volumes). Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul.2005 ISBN 975-6121-00-9. ...

See also:

Giresun, Giresun - History, Giresun - Etymology, Giresun - Internet Resources

Read more here: » Giresun: Encyclopedia II - Giresun - Etymology

Murad spent his early years on the throne disposing off rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the Serbs. In 1423 he paid a short visit to Constantinople, laid siege on it for a couple of months and forced the Byzantines to pay additional tribute. In 1423 the first regular war against Venice began. During Murad's siege of Constantinople, the Byzantine Emperor's control over the Greek city-states weakened. On the request of its inhabitants, Venetian troops took control of the city of Salonika (Thessaloniki). The Ottoman arm ...

See also:

Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Osman I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Orhan I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murat I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Beyazid I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Interregnum, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed I, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II, Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Mehmed II

Read more here: » Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Murad II

Mehmed, whose great-grandfather Bayezid I had previously built a fortress on the Asian side of the Bosporus called Anadolu Hisarı, now built a second castle outside the walls of Constantinople on the European side, which would increase Turkish influence on the straits. An especially relevant aspect of this fortress was its ability to prevent help from Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast from reaching the city. This castle was called Rumeli Hisarı; Rumeli and Anadolu being the names of European and Asian port ...

See also:

Fall of Constantinople, Fall of Constantinople - State of the Byzantine Empire, Fall of Constantinople - Preparations, Fall of Constantinople - Siege and final assault of the city, Fall of Constantinople - Aftermath

Read more here: » Fall of Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Fall of Constantinople - Preparations

Fictional works describe all the countries in the following list as located somewhere on the surface of the Earth as we know it — as opposed to inside the planet, on another world, or during a different "age" of the planet (see below). Note: for inclusion in this list, the country should be notable enough to have a separate article. See List of fictional countries for a longer list. Aeaea: mythical island in Greek mythology, home of the sorceress Circe Alagaësia: the fantasy land in which the Chr ...

See also:

Fictional country, Fictional country - Incomplete list of fictional countries, Fictional country - Lands in Tarzan series by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Fictional country - Lands in the Tintin stories by Hergé, Fictional country - Lands in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, Fictional country - Lands inside the Earth, Fictional country - Lands of Robert E. Howard, Fictional country - Lands of Arda and Middle-earth, Fictional country - Lands of the DC Comics universe, Fictional country - Lands of the Marvel Comics universe, Fictional country - Not on Earth, Fictional country - Semi-fictional countries, Fictional country - Franchise nations from Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, Fictional country - Questionable cases, Fictional country - Books

Read more here: » Fictional country: Encyclopedia II - Fictional country - Incomplete list of fictional countries

Roman Empire - Under Constantine 330–337 and his sons 337–361. Constantinople would serve as the capital of Constantine the Great from May 11, 330 to his death on May 22, 337. The Empire was parted again among his three surviving sons.The Western Roman Empire was divided among the eldest son Constantine II and the youngest son Constans. The Eastern Roman Empire al ...

See also:

Roman Empire, Roman Empire - Historians' viewpoints on the evolution of Imperial Rome, Roman Empire - Age of Augustus 31 BC–AD 14, Roman Empire - Political developments, Roman Empire - Cultural developments, Roman Empire - Sources, Roman Empire - Julio-Claudian dynasty: Augustus' heirs, Roman Empire - Two military Danger Zones Rebellions Uprisings and political consequences, Roman Empire - Flavian Dynasty, Roman Empire - Five Good Emperors - The Antonine Dynasty 96 – 180, Roman Empire - Commodus 180–192, Roman Empire - Severan dynasty 193–235, Roman Empire - Crisis of the 3rd Century 235–284, Roman Empire - Tetrarchy 285–324, Roman Empire - Christian Empire 324–395, Roman Empire - Late Antiquity in the West 395–476, Roman Empire - From Roman to Byzantine in the East, Roman Empire - Under Constantine 330–337 and his sons 337–361, Roman Empire - Under Julian & Jovian 361–364, Roman Empire - Valentinian Dynasty 364–392, Roman Empire - Battle of Adrianople 378, Roman Empire - Disturbed peace in the West 383, Roman Empire - Theodosian Dynasty 392–395, Roman Empire - Later Eastern Empire 476–1461, Roman Empire - Roman Provinces, Roman Empire - Emperors, Roman Empire - Ancient Historians of the Empire, Roman Empire - Latin Literature of the Empire

Read more here: » Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Roman Empire - From Roman to Byzantine in the East

Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Early years. Fallmerayer was born, the son of a poor peasant, at Pairdorf, near Brixen in Tirol. In 1809 he absconded from the cathedral choir school at Brixen and made his way to Salzburg, where he supported himself by private teaching while he studied theology, the Semitic languages, and history. After a year's study he sought to assure to himself the peace and quiet necessary for a student's life by entering the abbey of Kremsmünster, but difficulties put in his way by the Bavarian officials prevented the accomplishment of this intention. ...

See also:

Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Biography, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Early years, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Education, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Travels, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Late years, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Contributions, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Works, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Political impact of Fallmerayer's Ethnic Theories, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Early critics, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Philhellenism, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Macedonia, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Racism, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - World War II, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Invalidation of Fallmerayer's ethnic theories

Read more here: » Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer: Encyclopedia II - Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - Biography

Two years after reclaiming the throne in 1451, Mehmed brought an end to the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople in 1453 (during the well-known Siege of Constantinople). Other Byzantine possessions remained, including the Empire of Trebizond in northeastern Anatolia and the Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnisos. These last vestiges of Byzantium were absorbed by 1461. As Steven Runciman, a noted Byzantinist recounts, during the siege of Constantinople Mehmet promised his men "the women and boys of the city." Upon its conquest, ...

See also:

Mehmed II, Mehmed II - Early reign, Mehmed II - Conquest of the Byzantine empire, Mehmed II - Kayser-i-Rûm, Mehmed II - Other Facts

Read more here: » Mehmed II: Encyclopedia II - Mehmed II - Conquest of the Byzantine empire

The Despotate was founded in by Michael I Ducas, cousin of the Byzantine emperors Isaac II Angelus and Alexius III. At first Michael allied with Boniface of Montferrat, but then went to Epirus, where he considered himself the Byzantine governor of the old province of Nicopolis and revolted against Boniface. Epirus soon became the new home of many Greek refugees from Constantinople, Thessaly, and the Peloponnese, and Michael was described as a second Noah, rescuing men from the Latin flood. John Camaterus, the Patriarch of Constantinople, did ...

See also:

Despotate of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Foundation, Despotate of Epirus - Conflict with Nicaea and Bulgaria, Despotate of Epirus - Nicaean and Byzantine suzerainty, Despotate of Epirus - Italian invasions, Despotate of Epirus - Collapse of the despotate, Despotate of Epirus - Despots of Epirus, Despotate of Epirus - Ducas dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Orsini dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - Nemanjić dynasty, Despotate of Epirus - External link

Read more here: » Despotate of Epirus: Encyclopedia II - Despotate of Epirus - Foundation

Emperor - Europe & Byzantium. In the Roman tradition a large variety in the meaning and importance of the Imperial form of monarchy developed: in intention it was always the highest office, but it could as well fall down to a redundant title for nobility that had never been near to the "Empire" they were supposed to be reigning. Also the name of the position split in several b ...

See also:

Emperor, Emperor - Distinction between Emperor and other types of monarch, Emperor - Imperium maius, Emperor - Historical development of the Roman & Christian tradition, Emperor - Europe & Byzantium, Emperor - Post-colonial emperors modeled on Europe, Emperor - History on other imperial traditions, Emperor - Pre-Columbian American traditions, Emperor - Pre-colonial Africa:, Emperor - Far East, Emperor - Persian and Islamic traditions, Emperor - Lists of emperors, Emperor - Emperors of traditional empires, Emperor - Emperors of short-lived 'empires', Emperor - Self-proclaimed emperors, Emperor - Fictional emperors, Emperor - Notes, Emperor - Trivia

Read more here: » Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Emperor - Historical development of the Roman & Christian tradition

.ge ...

See also:

List of Georgia-related topics, List of Georgia-related topics - 0-9, List of Georgia-related topics - A, List of Georgia-related topics - B, List of Georgia-related topics - C, List of Georgia-related topics - D, List of Georgia-related topics - E, List of Georgia-related topics - F, List of Georgia-related topics - G, List of Georgia-related topics - H, List of Georgia-related topics - I, List of Georgia-related topics - J, List of Georgia-related topics - K, List of Georgia-related topics - L, List of Georgia-related topics - M, List of Georgia-related topics - N, List of Georgia-related topics - O, List of Georgia-related topics - P, List of Georgia-related topics - Q, List of Georgia-related topics - R, List of Georgia-related topics - S, List of Georgia-related topics - T, List of Georgia-related topics - U, List of Georgia-related topics - V, List of Georgia-related topics - Z

Read more here: » List of Georgia-related topics: Encyclopedia II - List of Georgia-related topics - 0-9