The empathic process is exploited to a certain extent in all kinds of fiction, thus we may identify deeply with characters appearing in books, plays or films (see especially Currie 2004). In some works of science fiction and fantasy, empathy is understood to be a paranormal or psychic ability to sense the emotions of others, as opposed to telepathy, which allows one to perceive thoughts as well. A person who has that ability is ...

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While the ability to imagine oneself as another person is a sophisticated imaginative process that only fully develops later on in life, the roots of this ability are probably innate. Human capacity to recognize the emotions of others is related to our imitative capacities, and seems to be grounded in the innate capacity to associate the bodily movements and facial expressions we see with the proprioceptive feelings of those same movements or expressions. Humans also make the same immediate connection between tone of voice and inner feeling. ...

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Research in recent years has focused on possible brain processes as concomitant with empathy. Functional imaging has recently been employed to investigate the functional anatomy of empathy: Farrow et al (Neuroreport 2001; 12:2433-2438) found that empathic judgments activated left superior frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal gyrus, precuneus, left anterior middle temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus. Components of this circuit may be dysfunctional in psychopathy (Tunstall N., Fahy T. and McGuire P. in: Guide to Neuroimaging in Psychia ...

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Empathy, Empathy - Background, Empathy - Contrasting empathy to other phenomena, Empathy - Psychological perspectives, Empathy - Empathy and Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathy - Empathy in animals, Empathy - Organic basis, Empathy - Development of empathy, Empathy - Other aspects, Empathy - Fiction, Empathy - Bibliography

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Some experts (psychologists, psychiatrists, and other scientists) believe that not all humans have an ability to feel empathy or perceive the emotions of others. For instance, Autism and related conditions such as Asperger's syndrome are often (but not always) characterized by an apparent reduced ability to empathize with others. The interaction between empathy and autism spectrum disorders is a complex and ongoin ...

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Empathy, Empathy - Background, Empathy - Contrasting empathy to other phenomena, Empathy - Psychological perspectives, Empathy - Empathy and Autism Spectrum Disorders, Empathy - Empathy in animals, Empathy - Organic basis, Empathy - Development of empathy, Empathy - Other aspects, Empathy - Fiction, Empathy - Bibliography

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Main article: Religiousness and intelligence Some studies claim a correlation between higher IQ, SAT scores, GPA and degree of religious belief. While most of the research indicates a negative correlation between IQ and religiosity [5]. ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Main article: General intelligence factor Modern IQ tests produce scores for different areas (e.g., language fluency, three-dimensional thinking, etc.), with the summary score calculated from subtest scores. Individual subtest scores tend to correlate with one another, even when seemingly disparate in content. Analyses of an individual's scores on the subtests of a single IQ test or the scores from a variety of different IQ tests (e.g., Stanford-Binet, WISC-R, Raven's Progressive Matrices and others) will reveal that they all m ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Main article: Flynn effect Worldwide, IQ scores appear to be slowly rising, a trend known as the Flynn effect. However, tests are only renormalized occasionally to obtain mean scores of 100, for example WISC-R (1974), WISC-III (1991) and WISC-IV (2003). Hence it is difficult to compare IQ scores measured years apart. ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Main article: brain size and intelligence Modern studies using MRI imaging have shown that brain size correlates with IQ by a factor of roughly .35 to .40. In 1991, Willerman et al. used data from 40 White American university students and reported a correlation coefficient of .35. Other studies done on samples of Caucasians show similar results, with Andreasen et al (1993) determining a correlation of .38, while Raz et al (1993) obtained a figure of .43 and Wickett et al (1994) obtained a figure of .40. The correlation b ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Main article: Sex and intelligence Most IQ tests are designed so that the average IQs of males and females are equal. However, men tend to score their highest in the parts of the test that cover spatial and quantitative abilities, and women generally score their highest in the verbal sections. Some research has indicated that the variance in men's IQ scores is greater than the variance among women's, as seen in other cognitive test scores. This would mean that men are more likely ...

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Persons with a higher IQ have generally lower adult morbidity and mortality. This may be because they better avoid injury and take better care of their own health. It also decreases the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, severe depression, and schizophrenia. On the other hand, it increases the risk of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [6]. Research in Scotland has shown that a 15-point lower IQ meant people had a fifth less chance of seeing their 76th birthday, while those with a 30-point disadvantage were 37% less li ...

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While IQ is sometimes treated as an end unto itself, scholarly work on IQ focuses to a large extent on IQ's validity, that is, the degree to which IQ predicts outcomes such as job performance, social pathologies, or academic achievement. Different IQ tests differ in their validity for various outcomes. Tests also differ in their g-loading, which is the degree to which the test score reflects general mental ability rather than a specific skill or "group factor" such as verbal ability, spatial visualization, or mathematical reaso ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Alfred Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale in 1905, which used testing to identify students who could benefit from extra help in school. Their assumption was that lower scores indicated the need for more teaching, not an inability to learn. This interpretation is still held by some modern experts. Notably, Binet himself made no claim that his test properly measured intelligence. He stated in his paper New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals that ...

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While a large amount of one's IQ is predetermined by genetic factors, the environment can play a role as well. IQ can be improved to a certain extent through reading and application. Improvement in diet and regular exercise can help certain cognitive functions, and getting a little extra sleep can help as well. Depression and stress reduce IQ somewhat, so removal of these factors might also help. Drugs designed to improve cognitive fu ...

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Some maintain that IQ is a social construct invented by the privileged classes, used to maintain their privilege. Others maintain that intelligence, measured by IQ or g, reflects a real ability, is a useful tool in performing life tasks and has a biological reality. The social-construct and real-ability interpretations for IQ differences can be distinguished because they make opposite predictions about what would happen if people were given equal opportunities. The social explanation predicts that equal treatment will eliminate ...

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IQ scores are expressed as a number normalized so that the average IQ in an age group is 100. In other words, an individual scoring 115 is above average when compared to people in the same age group. It is common practice to standardize so that the standard deviation (σ) of scores is 15. (The Stanford Binet IQ test uses a standard deviation of 16.) Tests are designed so that the distribution of IQ scores is Gaussian; that is, it follows a bell curve. A difference has been documented between the IQ score distributions of left-handed and right-handed test subjects; the distribution in left-handed people ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Evidence for the practical validity of IQ comes from examining the correlation between IQ scores and life outcomes. Research shows that intelligence plays an important role in many valued life outcomes. In addition to academic success, intelligence correlates with job performance (see below), socioeconomic advancement (e.g., level of education, occupation, and income), and "social pathology" (e.g., adult criminality, poverty, unemployment, dependence on welfare, children outside of marriage). Recent work has demonstrated links between ...

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It is possible that sexual dimorphism may exist in regard to intellectual abilities in humans. Men may have evolved slightly greater spatial abilities, possibly as a result of certain behaviors, such as navigating during a hunt, that they were more likely to be involved in during humans' evolutionary history. Similarly, women may have evolved to devote more mental resources to understanding and tracking relationships and reading others' emotional states in order for them to be ...

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Sex and intelligence, Sex and intelligence - History, Sex and intelligence - SAT scores, Sex and intelligence - Allegations of SAT bias, Sex and intelligence - Other reports, Sex and intelligence - IQ and memory, Sex and intelligence - Summers controversy, Sex and intelligence - Other differences, Sex and intelligence - Brain size, Sex and intelligence - Reasons for differences

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The role of genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) in determining IQ is reviewed in Plomin et al. (2001, 2003). The degree to which genetic variation contributes to observed variation in a trait is measured by a statistic called heritability. Heritability scores range from 0 to 1, and can be interpreted as the percentage of variation (e.g. in IQ) that is due to variation in genes. Twins studies and adoption studies are commonly used to determine the heritability of a trait. Until recently heritability was mostly studied in childre ...

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Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ

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Human - Anatomy and physiology. Main articles: Human anatomy, and Human physical appearance, and Human height, See also:

Human, Human - Terminology, Human - Biology, Human - Anatomy and physiology, Human - Life cycle, Human - Genetics, Human - Race and ethnicity, Human - Habitat, Human - Food and drink, Human - Population, Human - Evolution, Human - Intelligence, Human - Culture, Human - Origins, Human - Emotion and sexuality, Human - Language, Human - Music, Human - Government politics and the state, Human - Trade and economics, Human - War, Human - Artifacts science and technology, Human - Body image, Human - Mind, Human - Psychology and human ethology, Human - Philosophy, Human - Motivation, Human - Self-reflection and humanism, Human - Spirit

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The relationship between Case Officer and agent might be compared to psychiatrist and patient. A person willing to become involved in espionage, and the betrayal of his country, is often someone with emotional problems, or subject to the stress of the work. The Case Officer is mentor and must exhibit characteristics such as professionalism in the operational field, a cool head, and control of the emotions. After a source (agent) has been exploited, he is in practice often no longer handled well (historical examples from BND, MI6 and o ...

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Agent handling, Agent handling - Intelligence, Agent handling - Agent, Agent handling - Case Officer, Agent handling - Training, Agent handling - Agent in place, Agent handling - Unwitting agent, Agent handling - Fronts and cutouts, Agent handling - Historical reconstruction and its limitations, Agent handling - Counter-intelligence, Agent handling - MICE, Agent handling - Residuals

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According to the Pokémon Ruby Pokédex, "LATIOS has the ability to make its foe see an image of what it has seen or imagines in its head. This POKÉMON is intelligent and understands human speech." According to the Pokémon Sapphire Pokédex, "LATIOS will only open its heart to a TRAINER with a compassionate spirit. This POKÉMON can fly faster than a jet plane by folding its forelegs to minimize air resistance." According to the Pokémon Emerald Pokédex, "Even in hiding, it can detect the locations of others and sense their emotions since it has telepathy. Its intelligence allows ...

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Latios, Latios - Name origin, Latios - Information, Latios - Availability, Latios - Pokédex, Latios - Anime appearances, Latios - In the trading card game

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svadharma: "Personal path, pattern or obligation."

One's perfect individual pattern through life, according to one's own particular physical, mental and emotional nature. Svadharma is determined by the sum of past karmas and the cumulative effect of the other three dharmas. It is the individualized application of dharma, dependent on personal karma, reflected on one's race, community, physical characteristics, health, intelligence, skills and aptitudes, desires and tendencies, religion, sampradaya, family and guru.

(See also: Svadharma, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)