electrometer

The Right Honourable William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, GCVO, OM, PC, PRS (26 June 1824–17 December 1907) was a Scottish-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer, an outstanding leader in the physical sciences of the 19th century. He did important work in the mathematical analysis of electricity and thermodynamics, and did much to unify the emerging discipline of physics in its modern form. He is also credited for the discovery of the atom. He also enjoyed a second career as a telegraph engineer and inventor, a career that p ...

Including:

• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works
• William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

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William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family. William's father was Dr. James Thomson, the son of a Belfast farmer. James received little youthful instruction in Ireland but, when 24 years old, started to study for half the year at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, while working as a teacher back in Belfast for the other half. On graduating, he became a mathematics teacher at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. He married Margaret Gardner ...

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William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

Read more here: » William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin: Encyclopedia II - William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work

Electric charge is a characteristic of subatomic particles, and is quantized. When expressed as a multiple of the so-called elementary charge e, electrons have a charge of −1. Protons have the opposite charge of +1. Quarks have a fractional charge of −1/3 or +2/3. The antiparticle equivalents of these have the opposite charge. There are other charged particles. Electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of its constituent particles. Often, the net electric charge is zero, since naturally the ...

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Electric charge, Electric charge - Overview, Electric charge - History, Electric charge - Properties, Electric charge - Conservation of charge

Read more here: » Electric charge: Encyclopedia II - Electric charge - Overview

Atmospheric electricity abounds in the environment; some traces of it are found less than four feet from the surface of the earth, but on attaining greater height it becomes more apparent. The conductivity increases exponentially with altitude. The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season, latitude, and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds. Upon reaching elevations above the clouds, atmospheric electricity forms a continuous and distin ...

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Atmospheric electricity, Atmospheric electricity - Description and research, Atmospheric electricity - Patents, Atmospheric electricity - Journals, Atmospheric electricity - External articles

Read more here: » Atmospheric electricity: Encyclopedia II - Atmospheric electricity - Description and research

A hot cathode ionization gauge is mainly composed of three electrodes all acting as a triode, where the cathode is the filament. The three electrodes are a collector or plate, a filament, and a grid. The electric potential of the collector is almost zero volts (V), which is called the earth potential and measured in picoamps by an electrometer. The filament voltage to ground is usually at a potential of 30 volts while the grid voltage at 180–210 volts DC, unless there is an optional electron bombardment feature, by heating the grid which m ...

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Ionization gauge, Ionization gauge - Hot cathode, Ionization gauge - Cold cathode

Read more here: » Ionization gauge: Encyclopedia II - Ionization gauge - Hot cathode

A regulated electron current (typically 10 mA) is emitted from a heated filament. The electrons are attracted to the helical grid by a dc potential of about +150 volts. In their passage from the filament to the grid the electrons collide with gas molecules in the gauge envelope causing a fraction of them to be ionized. The gas ions formed by the electron collisions are attracted to the central ion collector wire by the negative voltage on the collector (typically a minus 30 volts). Ion currents are on the order of 1 mA/Pa. This current is amplified and disp ...

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Hot filament ionization gauge, Hot filament ionization gauge - Function, Hot filament ionization gauge - Types of hot filament ionization gauges

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"Current Clamp" is the term used to describe a simple recording of trans-membrane voltage with the ability to inject current into a biological cell through the lumen of the recording electrode. The term is a misnomer, and somewhat misleading in that there is nothing being "clamped" in this type of recording. The term current clamp arose from two sources. First, it is often perceived as the "opposite" of voltage-clamp; voltage and current being terms on opposite sides of the Ohm's Law equation (Voltage = (current)x(resistance); ...

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Electrophysiology, Electrophysiology - Intracellular recording, Electrophysiology - Current-clamp techniques, Electrophysiology - Amplifiers, Electrophysiology - Variations on current clamp recording, Electrophysiology - Extracellular recording, Electrophysiology - Voltage clamp, Electrophysiology - Amperometry

Read more here: » Electrophysiology: Encyclopedia II - Electrophysiology - Current-clamp techniques

A Geiger-Müller tube—used in a Geiger counter—is another type of ionization chamber. In such a tube, one plate is wrapped into a cylinder. In place of the other plate is a wire placed along the cylindrical plate's axis. This type of tube is usually sealed and filled with an inert gas. In this device, no current normally flows between the two electrodes even though they are held at different potentials. If a particle of ionizing radiation enters the tube (an alpha particle, a beta particle, or a gamma ray) then a trail of ions wil ...

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Ionization chamber, Ionization chamber - Radiation detectors, Ionization chamber - Smoke detectors

Read more here: » Ionization chamber: Encyclopedia II - Ionization chamber - Radiation detectors

Thomson remained a devout believer in Christianity throughout his life and saw chapel as part of his daily routine[24], though he might not identify with fundamentalism if he were alive today.[25] He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society, May 23, 1889.See also:

William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

Read more here: » William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin: Encyclopedia II - William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology

In the United States Patent Office classification, the main classification is 310/308 Electrical Generator or Motor / Charge accumulating. Other applicable classes regarding atmospheric electricity include: 307/149 ElectricalTransmission or interconnection systems / Miscellaneous Systems 320/166 Electricity: Battery of Capacitor Charging or Discharging / Capacitor Charging or Discharging 361/212 Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices / Discharging or Prteventing accumulation of Elec ...

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Atmospheric electricity, Atmospheric electricity - Description and research, Atmospheric electricity - Patents, Atmospheric electricity - Journals, Atmospheric electricity - External articles

Read more here: » Atmospheric electricity: Encyclopedia II - Atmospheric electricity - Patents

William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate. Though now eminent in the academic field, Thomson was obscure to the general public. In September 1852, he married childhood sweetheart Margaret Crum but her health broke down on their honeymoon and, over the next seventeen years, Thomson was distracted by her suffering. On October 16, 1854, Stokes wrote to Thomson to try to re-interest him in work by asking his opinion on some experiments of Michael Faraday on the proposed transatlantic telegraph cabl ...

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William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

Read more here: » William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin: Encyclopedia II - William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable

As reported by the Ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus around 600 BC, charge (or electricity) could be accumulated by rubbing fur on various substances, such as amber. The Greeks noted that the charged amber buttons could attract light objects such as hair. They also noted that if they rubbed the amber for long enough, they could even get a spark to jump. This property derives from the triboelectric effect. The word electricity derives from ηλεκτρο� ...

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Electric charge, Electric charge - Overview, Electric charge - History, Electric charge - Properties, Electric charge - Conservation of charge

Read more here: » Electric charge: Encyclopedia II - Electric charge - History

Intracellular recording, sometimes known as transmembrane recording, is any technique that involves measuring voltage and/or current across the membrane of a cell. Operationally, this requires the insertion of a recording electrode into a cell, so that the intracellular potential can be measured against the extracellular potential. The recording of this transmembrane voltage is the basic measurement made in all intracellular recording. The electrode employed can come in variable configurations. The properties of the electrode a ...

See also:

Electrophysiology, Electrophysiology - Intracellular recording, Electrophysiology - Current-clamp techniques, Electrophysiology - Amplifiers, Electrophysiology - Variations on current clamp recording, Electrophysiology - Extracellular recording, Electrophysiology - Voltage clamp, Electrophysiology - Amperometry

Read more here: » Electrophysiology: Encyclopedia II - Electrophysiology - Intracellular recording

Thomson introduced a method of deep-sea sounding, in which a steel piano wire replaces the ordinary land line. The wire glides so easily to the bottom that "flying soundings" can be taken while the ship is going at full speed. A pressure gauge to register the depth of the sinker was added by Sir William. About the same time he revived the Sumner method of finding a ship's place at sea, and calculated a set of tables for its ready application. His most important aid to the mariner is, however, the adjustable compass, which he br ...

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William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

Read more here: » William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin: Encyclopedia II - William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions

Thomson remained a devout believer in Christianity throughout his life and saw chapel as part of his daily routine[23], though he might not identify with fundamentalism if he were alive today.[24] He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the Christian Evidence Society, May 23, 1889.See also:

William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Early life and work, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Family, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Youth, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Cambridge, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Thermodynamics, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Transatlantic cable, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Calculations on data-rate, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Scientist to engineer, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Disaster and triumph, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Later expeditions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Other activities and contributions, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Honours, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Notes, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Bibliography, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Kelvin's works, William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Biography

Read more here: » William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin: Encyclopedia II - William Thomson 1st Baron Kelvin - Geology and theology