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Electromagnetic Field | A Wisdom Archive on Electromagnetic Field | | Electromagnetic Field A selection of articles related to Electromagnetic Field | |
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Electromagnetic field
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Electromagnetic Field | | | |  Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles .Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe.
A magnetic field contains energy, and physical systems stabilize into the configuration with the lowest energy. Therefore, when placed in a magnetic field, a magnetic dipole tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby canceling the net field strength as much as possible and lowering ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles ., Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles ., Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units, Magnetism - Footnotes Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles . |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product:
where
is the electric charge of the particle
is the velocity vector of the particle
is the magnetic field
Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the par ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product:
where
is the electric charge of the particle
is the velocity vector of the particle
is the magnetic field
Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the par ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles ., Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles ., Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units, Magnetism - Footnotes Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism
Magnet - Permanent magnets.
All normal matter is composed of particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons), and all of these particles have the fundamental property of quantum mechanical spin. Spin gives each one of these particles an associated magnetic field. Because of this, and the fact that the average microscopic piece of matter contains huge numbers of these particles, it would be expected that all matter would be magneti ...
See also:Magnet, Magnet - Introduction, Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism, Magnet - Permanent magnets, Magnet - Electromagnets, Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials, Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles, Magnet - North/south pole designation and the Earth's magnetic field, Magnet - Common uses for magnets, Magnet - How to magnetize materials, Magnet - How to demagnetize materials, Magnet - Types of permanent magnets, Magnet - Magnetic forces, Magnet - Magnets and other magnets, Magnet - Magnets and ferromagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and diamagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and paramagnetic materials, Magnet - Calculating the magnetic force, Magnet - Online references, Magnet - Printed references, Magnet - External articles Read more here: » Magnet: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - How to demagnetize materials Permanent magnets can be demagnetized in the following ways:
Heat. Heating a magnet past its Curie point will destroy the long range ordering.
Contact. Stroking one magnet with another in random fashion will demagnetize the magnet being stroked, in some cases; some materials have a very high coercive field and cannot be demagnetized with other permanent magnets.
Hammering or jarring. Such activity will destroy the long range ordering within the magnet.
Being placed in a solenoid which has an alternatin ...
See also:Magnet, Magnet - Introduction, Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism, Magnet - Permanent magnets, Magnet - Electromagnets, Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials, Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles, Magnet - North/south pole designation and the Earth's magnetic field, Magnet - Common uses for magnets, Magnet - How to magnetize materials, Magnet - How to demagnetize materials, Magnet - Types of permanent magnets, Magnet - Magnetic forces, Magnet - Magnets and other magnets, Magnet - Magnets and ferromagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and diamagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and paramagnetic materials, Magnet - Calculating the magnetic force, Magnet - Online references, Magnet - Printed references, Magnet - External articles Read more here: » Magnet: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - How to demagnetize materials |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Magnetic forces Magnetized items interact with other items in very specific ways.
Magnet - Magnets and other magnets.
If a magnet is brought close enough to another magnet, their fields will begin to interact in the following ways:
If each magnets north pole is brought together, the magnets will repel one another (like poles repel)
If the north pole of one magnet is brought to the south pole of the other magnet (or vice versa), the magnets will attract one another (opposite poles attract)
Magnet - M ...
See also:Magnet, Magnet - Introduction, Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism, Magnet - Permanent magnets, Magnet - Electromagnets, Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials, Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles, Magnet - North/south pole designation and the Earth's magnetic field, Magnet - Common uses for magnets, Magnet - How to magnetize materials, Magnet - How to demagnetize materials, Magnet - Types of permanent magnets, Magnet - Magnetic forces, Magnet - Magnets and other magnets, Magnet - Magnets and ferromagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and diamagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and paramagnetic materials, Magnet - Calculating the magnetic force, Magnet - Online references, Magnet - Printed references, Magnet - External articles Read more here: » Magnet: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Magnetic forces |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials
Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles.
All magnets are dipoles: that is, all magnets have a north and a south pole. The poles are not a pair of things on or inside the magnet. They are a concept used to discuss and describe magnets. In the image at the top of this page, the poles look like specific locations (because the highest surface intensity of the field occurs at the poles), ...
See also:Magnet, Magnet - Introduction, Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism, Magnet - Permanent magnets, Magnet - Electromagnets, Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials, Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles, Magnet - North/south pole designation and the Earth's magnetic field, Magnet - Common uses for magnets, Magnet - How to magnetize materials, Magnet - How to demagnetize materials, Magnet - Types of permanent magnets, Magnet - Magnetic forces, Magnet - Magnets and other magnets, Magnet - Magnets and ferromagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and diamagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and paramagnetic materials, Magnet - Calculating the magnetic force, Magnet - Online references, Magnet - Printed references, Magnet - External articles Read more here: » Magnet: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials
Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles.
All magnets have at least two poles: that is, all magnets have at least one north pole and at least one south pole. The poles are not a pair of things on or inside the magnet. They are a concept used to discuss and describe magnets. In the image at the top of this page, the poles look like specific locations (because the highest surface intensity of the field occurs at the poles), ...
See also:Magnet, Magnet - Introduction, Magnet - Physical origin of magnetism, Magnet - Permanent magnets, Magnet - Electromagnets, Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials, Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles, Magnet - North/south pole designation and the Earth's magnetic field, Magnet - Common uses for magnets, Magnet - How to magnetize materials, Magnet - How to demagnetize materials, Magnet - Types of permanent magnets, Magnet - Magnetic forces, Magnet - Magnets and other magnets, Magnet - Magnets and ferromagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and diamagnetic materials, Magnet - Magnets and paramagnetic materials, Magnet - Calculating the magnetic force, Magnet - Online references, Magnet - Printed references, Magnet - External articles Read more here: » Magnet: Encyclopedia II - Magnet - Characteristics of magnetic materials |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation
Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is broad, however, a photochemist will find themselves working with several key regions. Some of the most widely used sections of the electromagnetic spectrum include:
Visible Light:
~400-700nm wavelengths
Ultraviolet :
~100-400nm wavelengths
Near Infrared:
~700-1000nm wavelengths
Far Infrar ...
See also:Photochemistry, Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation, Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, Photochemistry - Electric and magnetic fields and interactions with charged particles, Photochemistry - Wave and particle nature of light and matter, Photochemistry - Photoelectric effect, Photochemistry - Compton effect, Photochemistry - Quantum nature of waves and matter, Photochemistry - Properties of distribution functions, Photochemistry - Black-body radiation, Photochemistry - DeBroglie wavelength, Photochemistry - Schrodinger's equation, Photochemistry - Optics, Photochemistry - Scattering and polarizability, Photochemistry - Absorption and emission of light, Photochemistry - Energy levels of atoms and molecules expressed in terms of waves, Photochemistry - Atomic spectroscopy, Photochemistry - Diatomic molecular spectroscopy, Photochemistry - Photochemical kinetics and reactivity Jablonski diagrams, Photochemistry - Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation laser, Photochemistry - Experimental methods in spectroscopy and photochemistry Read more here: » Photochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - Mathematical formalism Suppose we have an n-dimensional manifold, M and a target manifold T. Let be the configuration space of smooth functions from M to T.
Before we go on, let's give some examples:
In classical mechanics, in the Hamiltonian formalism, M is the one dimensional manifold , representing time and the target space is the cotangent bundle of space of generalized positions.
In field theory, M is the spacetime manifold and the target space is the set of values the fields can take at any given point. For example, if th ...
See also:Lagrangian, Lagrangian - An example from classical mechanics, Lagrangian - Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory, Lagrangian - Electromagnetic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Lagrangians in Quantum Field Theory, Lagrangian - Quantum Electrodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Dirac Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Quantum Chromodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Mathematical formalism Read more here: » Lagrangian: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - Mathematical formalism |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory In field theory, occasionally a distinction is made between the Lagrangian L, of which the action is the time integral
and the Lagrangian density , which one integrates over all space-time to get the action:
The Lagrangian is then the spatial integral of the Lagrangian density. However, is also frequently simply called the Lagrangian, especially in modern use; it is far more useful in relativistic theories since it is a locally defined, Lorent ...
See also:Lagrangian, Lagrangian - An example from classical mechanics, Lagrangian - Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory, Lagrangian - Electromagnetic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Lagrangians in Quantum Field Theory, Lagrangian - Quantum Electrodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Dirac Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Quantum Chromodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Mathematical formalism Read more here: » Lagrangian: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - An example from classical mechanics The concept of a Lagrangian was originally introduced in a reformulation of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics. In this context, the Lagrangian is usually taken to be the kinetic energy of a mechanical system minus its potential energy.
Suppose we have a three dimensional space and the Lagrangian
Then, the Euler-Lagrange equation is where the time derivative is written conventionally as a dot ...
See also:Lagrangian, Lagrangian - An example from classical mechanics, Lagrangian - Lagrangians and Lagrangian densities in field theory, Lagrangian - Electromagnetic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Lagrangians in Quantum Field Theory, Lagrangian - Quantum Electrodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Dirac Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Quantum Chromodynamic Lagrangian, Lagrangian - Mathematical formalism Read more here: » Lagrangian: Encyclopedia II - Lagrangian - An example from classical mechanics |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or magnetic moments, result on the atomic scale from the two kinds of movement of electrons. The first is the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus; this motion can be considered as a current loop, resulting in an orbital dipole magnetic moment along the axis of the nucleus. The second, much stronger, source of electronic magnetic moment is due to a quantum mechanical property called the spin dipole magnetic moment (although current quantum mechanical theory states that elect ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or magnetic moments, result on the atomic scale from the two kinds of movement of electrons. The first is the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus; this motion can be considered as a current loop, resulting in an orbital dipole magnetic moment along the axis of the nucleus. The second, much stronger, source of electronic magnetic moment is due to a quantum mechanical property called the spin dipole magnetic moment (although current quantum mechanical theory states that elect ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles ., Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles ., Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units, Magnetism - Footnotes Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. In practice, however, although charged particles like protons and electrons can be easily isolated as individual electrical charges, magnetic south and no ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles, Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles . Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain symmetry, just as quantum theory predicts that individual positive or negative electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. In practice, however, although charged particles like protons and electrons can be easily isolated as individual electrical charges, magnetic south and no ...
See also:Magnetism, Magnetism - Magnetic materials, Magnetism - Physics of magnetism, Magnetism - Charged particle in a magnetic field, Magnetism - Magnetic dipoles ., Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles ., Magnetism - Atomic magnetic dipoles, Magnetism - Types of magnets, Magnetism - Electromagnets, Magnetism - Permanent Magnets, Magnetism - SI magnetism units, Magnetism - Other magnetism units, Magnetism - Footnotes Read more here: » Magnetism: Encyclopedia II - Magnetism - Magnetic monopoles . |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units The above equations are given in the International System of Units, or SI for short. In a related unit system, called cgs (short for centimeter-gram-second), the equations take the following form:
Where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. For the electromagnetic field in a vacuum, the equations become:
The force exerted upon a charged particle by the electric field and mag ...
See also:Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations - Historical developments of Maxwell's equations and relativity, Maxwell's equations - Summary of the equations, Maxwell's equations - General case, Maxwell's equations - In linear materials, Maxwell's equations - In vacuum without charges or currents, Maxwell's equations - Detail, Maxwell's equations - Charge density and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The structure of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - A changing magnetic flux and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The source of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units, Maxwell's equations - Formulation of Maxwell's equations in special relativity, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms, Maxwell's equations - Classical electrodynamics as a line bundle Read more here: » Maxwell's equations: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units The above equations are given in the International System of Units, or SI for short. In a related unit system, called cgs (short for centimeter-gram-second), the equations take the following form:
Where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. For the electromagnetic field in a vacuum, the equations become:
The force exerted upon a charged particle by the electric field and mag ...
See also:Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations - Historical development of Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations - Links to relativity, Maxwell's equations - Summary of the equations, Maxwell's equations - General case, Maxwell's equations - In linear materials, Maxwell's equations - In vacuum without charges or currents, Maxwell's equations - Detail, Maxwell's equations - Charge density and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The structure of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - A changing magnetic flux and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The source of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units, Maxwell's equations - Formulation of Maxwell's equations in special relativity, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms, Maxwell's equations - Classical electrodynamics as a line bundle Read more here: » Maxwell's equations: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Electricity - Electric charge Electric charge is a property of certain subatomic particles (e.g., electrons and protons) which interacts with electromagnetic fields and causes attractive and repulsive forces between them. Electric charge gives rise to one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and is a conserved property of matter that can be quantified. In this sense, the phrase "quantity of electricity" is used interchangeably with the phrases "charge of electricity" and "quantity of charge." There are two types of charge: we call one kind of charge positive and the ...
See also:Electricity, Electricity - Concepts in electricity, Electricity - History, Electricity - Ancient, Electricity - Modern, Electricity - Electric charge, Electricity - Electric field, Electricity - Electric potential, Electricity - Electric current, Electricity - Electrical energy, Electricity - Electric power, Electricity - SI electricity units, Electricity - Devices, Electricity - Engineering, Electricity - Safety, Electricity - Electrical phenomena in nature Read more here: » Electricity: Encyclopedia II - Electricity - Electric charge |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Links to relativity In the late 19th century, because of the appearance of a velocity,
in the equations, Maxwell's equations were only thought to express electromagnetism in the rest frame of the luminiferous aether (the postulated medium for light, whose interpretation was considerably debated). The symbols represent the permittivity and permeability of empty space. When the Michelson-Morley experiment, conducted by Edward Morley and Albert Abraham Michelson, produced a null result for the change of the velocity of light due to the ...
See also:Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations - Historical development of Maxwell's equations, Maxwell's equations - Links to relativity, Maxwell's equations - Summary of the equations, Maxwell's equations - General case, Maxwell's equations - In linear materials, Maxwell's equations - In vacuum without charges or currents, Maxwell's equations - Detail, Maxwell's equations - Charge density and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The structure of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - A changing magnetic flux and the electric field, Maxwell's equations - The source of the magnetic field, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in CGS units, Maxwell's equations - Formulation of Maxwell's equations in special relativity, Maxwell's equations - Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms, Maxwell's equations - Classical electrodynamics as a line bundle Read more here: » Maxwell's equations: Encyclopedia II - Maxwell's equations - Links to relativity |
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| | | | | Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia II - Electrostatics - Overview In electrostatics conditions of charge need not be 'static' and unchanging. Instead 'static' implies that the dynamic portion is being ignored, and we analyze frozen snapshots of the situation. In electrostatics we study e-fields, voltage, and charge but ignore any currents and magnetism which may also be present. Because of its relationship and interaction with magnetism, the two fields are often combined as electromagnetism.
Electrostatics - The electrostatic approximation.
The validity of the electrostatic approximation rests on the assumption that the electric ...
See also:Electrostatics, Electrostatics - Overview, Electrostatics - The electrostatic approximation, Electrostatics - Electrostatic potential, Electrostatics - Fundamental concepts, Electrostatics - Coulomb's law, Electrostatics - The Electric field, Electrostatics - Gauss's law, Electrostatics - Poisson's equation, Electrostatics - Laplace's equation, Electrostatics - Static Charge generation, Electrostatics - Charge separation by contact, Electrostatics - Triboelectric series, Electrostatics - Electrostatic generators, Electrostatics - Charge neutralisation, Electrostatics - 'Static' electricity Read more here: » Electrostatics: Encyclopedia II - Electrostatics - Overview |
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