Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - Behavior Of The Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetic field - Incompressible fluids. The electric and magnetic vector fields can be thought of as being the velocities of a p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - The Electromagnetic Field As A Feedback Loop
The behavior of the electromagnetic field can be resolved into four different parts of a loop: (1) the electric and magnetic fields are g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - Light And Electromagnetic Waves
Electrically charged particles are constantly emitting (or absorbing) photonic fluid, which is more commonly known as light. So how is li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia - Classical Electromagnetism
Classical electrodynamics (or classical electromagnetism) is a theory of electromagnetism that was developed over the course of the 19th ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia - Magnet
A magnet is an object that has a magnetic field. The word magnet comes from the Greek "magnítis líthos" (μαγνήτης λίθος), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electricity: Encyclopedia - Electricity
Electricity is a property of matter that results from the presence of electric charge. Together with magnetism, it constitutes the fundam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field: Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field
In physics, a magnetic field is an entity produced by moving electric charges (electric currents) that exerts a force on other moving cha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetism - Electric And Magnetic Fields
It is often convenient to understand the electromagnetic field in terms of two separate fields: the electric field and the magnetic field...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - The Field As A Stream Of Moving Photons
Alternative interpretation would be that the field is not actually a velocity field, but a flux density field of photonic fluid, which is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - Flaw In The Velocity Field Interpretation
The fluid analogy is flawed, in that objects immersed in a moving fluid (e.g. a river) tend to be pushed by that fluid in such a way that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classification Of Electromagnetic Fields: Encyclopedia Ii - Classification Of Electromagnetic Fields - Physical Interpretation
The algebraic classification of bivectors given above has an important application in relativistic physics: the electromagnetic field is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Tensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Tensor - Significance Of The Field Tensor
Hidden beneath the surface of this overly complex mathematical equation is an ingenious unification of maxwell's equations for electromag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Electromagnetism - General Field Equations
As simple and satisfying as Coulomb's equation may be, it is not entirely correct in the context of classical electromagnetism. Problems ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Tensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Tensor - Significance Of The Field Tensor
Hidden beneath the surface of this overly complex mathematical equation is an ingenious unification of maxwell's equations for electromag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Electromagnetism - The Electric Field E
The electric field E is defined such that, on a stationary charge: where q0 is what is known as a test charge. The size of the charge ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Tensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Tensor - The Field Tensor And Relativity
The field tensor derives its name from the fact that the electromagnetic field is found to obey the tensor transformation law, this gener...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classification Of Electromagnetic Fields: Encyclopedia Ii - Classification Of Electromagnetic Fields - The Classification Theorem
A (real) bivector field may be viewed, at any given event in a spacetime, as a skew-symmetric linear operator on a four-dimensional (real...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Tensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Tensor - Role In Quantum Electrodynamics And Field Theory
The Lagrangian of QED extends beyond the classical Lagrangian established in relativity from to incorporate the creation and annhilation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Field - Source And Sinks
Electric charges act either as sources or sinks of the electric fluid. An electron is constantly absorbing electric fluid around it at so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Field - The Original Equations
In the original paper, because compact notations based on vectors had not yet been introduced, Maxwell formulated the equations in terms ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetism - The Electromagnetic Force
The force that the electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles, called the electromagnetic force, is one of the four f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Electromagnetism - Lorentz Force
The electromagnetic field exerts the following force (often called the Lorentz force) on charged particles: where all boldfaced quanti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetism - Origins Of Electromagnetic Theory
The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his De Magnete (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attractio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Tensor: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Tensor - Details
The electromagnetic tensor is commonly written as a matrix: where E is the electric field B the magnetic field and c the speed of li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Field Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Field Theory - Non-relativistic Field Theory
Some of the simplest physical fields are vector force fields. Historically, the first time fields were taken seriously was with Faraday's...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Field Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Field Theory - Relativistic Field Theory
Modern formulations of classical field theories generally require Lorentz covariance as Lorentz covariance is now recognised as a fundame...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Classical Field Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Classical Field Theory - Relativistic Field Theory
Modern formulations of classical field theories generally require Lorentz covariance as this is now recognised as a fundamental aspect of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Field - Time-varying Fields
Charges are not the only sources of electric fields. According to Faraday's law of induction, where indicates the curl of the electri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrovacuum Solution: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrovacuum Solution - Invariants
As in flat spacetime, the electromagnetic field tensor is antisymmetric, with only two algebraically independent scalar invariants, U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitomagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitomagnetism - Gravitomagnetism Vs. Electromagnetism
There is not a complete correspondence between electromagnetism and gravitomagnetism, since unlike magnetic poles, which attract in the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitoelectromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitoelectromagnetism - Gravitoelectromagnetism Vs. Electromagnetism
There is not a complete correspondence between electromagnetism and gravitoelectromagnetism, since unlike magnetic poles, which attract i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrovacuum Solution: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrovacuum Solution - Test Fields
Sometimes one can assume that the field energy of any electromagnetic field is so small that its gravitational effects can be neglected. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitomagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitomagnetism - Higher-order Effects
Some of the higher-order gravitomagnetic effects can begin to reproduce effects reminiscent of the interactions of more conventional pola...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravitoelectromagnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravitoelectromagnetism - Higher-order Effects
Some of the higher-order gravitoelectromagnetic effects can begin to reproduce effects reminiscent of the interactions of more convention...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Displacement Current: Encyclopedia Ii - Displacement Current - Interpretation
Maxwell interpreted the displacement current as a real motion of charges, even in a vacuum, where he supposed that it corresponded to mot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Types Of Magnets
Magnetism - Electromagnets. Electromagnets are useful in cases where a magnet must be switched on or off; for instance, large cranes to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Dipoles
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lagrangian: Encyclopedia Ii - Lagrangian - Lagrangians In Quantum Field Theory
Lagrangian - Quantum Electrodynamic Lagrangian. The Lagrangian density for QED is where ψ is a spinor, is its Dirac adjoint, Fμν...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lagrangian: Encyclopedia Ii - Lagrangian - Electromagnetic Lagrangian
Generally, in Lagrangian mechanics, the Lagrangian is equal to L = T − V where T is kinetic energy and V is potential energy. Given a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Space: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Space - Ideal States And Real World Applications
Free space conveys that the region is absolutely devoid of matter and has no external fields or forces other than those considered in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Dipoles .
Normally, magnetic fields are seen as dipoles, having a "South pole" and a "North pole"; terms dating back to the use of magnets as compa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field
When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product: where is the electric charg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Charged Particle In A Magnetic Field
When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product: where is the electric charg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnet - Physical Origin Of Magnetism
Magnet - Permanent magnets. All normal matter is composed of particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons), and all of these particles h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnet - How To Demagnetize Materials
Permanent magnets can be demagnetized in the following ways: Heat. Heating a magnet past its Curie point will destroy the long range ord...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnet - Magnetic Forces
Magnetized items interact with other items in very specific ways. Magnet - Magnets and other magnets. If a magnet is brought close enou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnet - Characteristics Of Magnetic Materials
Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles. All magnets are dipoles: that is, all magnets have a north and a south pole. The poles are not ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnet - Characteristics Of Magnetic Materials
Magnet - Permanent magnets and dipoles. All magnets have at least two poles: that is, all magnets have at least one north pole and at l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Photochemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation
Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is broad, however, a photochemist will find them...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lagrangian: Encyclopedia Ii - Lagrangian - Mathematical Formalism
Suppose we have an n-dimensional manifold, M and a target manifold T. Let be the configuration space of smooth functions from M to T. Be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lagrangian: Encyclopedia Ii - Lagrangian - Lagrangians And Lagrangian Densities In Field Theory
In field theory, occasionally a distinction is made between the Lagrangian L, of which the action is the time integral and the Lagrang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lagrangian: Encyclopedia Ii - Lagrangian - An Example From Classical Mechanics
The concept of a Lagrangian was originally introduced in a reformulation of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics. In this co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Atomic Magnetic Dipoles
The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Atomic Magnetic Dipoles
The physical cause of the magnetism of objects, as distinct from electrical currents, is the atomic magnetic dipole. Magnetic dipoles, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Monopoles
Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetism: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetism - Magnetic Monopoles .
Contrary to normal experience, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maxwell's Equations: Encyclopedia Ii - Maxwell's Equations - Maxwell's Equations In Cgs Units
The above equations are given in the International System of Units, or SI for short. In a related unit system, called cgs (short for cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maxwell's Equations: Encyclopedia Ii - Maxwell's Equations - Maxwell's Equations In Cgs Units
The above equations are given in the International System of Units, or SI for short. In a related unit system, called cgs (short for cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electricity: Encyclopedia Ii - Electricity - Electric Charge
Electric charge is a property of certain subatomic particles (e.g., electrons and protons) which interacts with electromagnetic fields an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maxwell's Equations: Encyclopedia Ii - Maxwell's Equations - Links To Relativity
In the late 19th century, because of the appearance of a velocity, in the equations, Maxwell's equations were only thought to express ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrostatics: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrostatics - Overview
In electrostatics conditions of charge need not be 'static' and unchanging. Instead 'static' implies that the dynamic portion is being ig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Field Screening: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Field Screening - Electrostatic Screening
The first theoretical treatment of screening, due to Debye and Hückel (1923), dealt with a stationary point charge embedded in a fluid. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Publications In Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Publications In Physics - Electromagnetism
List of publications in physics - A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. James Clerk Maxwell Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Dynami...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Field Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Field Physics - Field Theory
Field theory usually refers to a construction of the dynamics of a field, i.e. a specification of how a field changes with time or with r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Field Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Field Physics - Symmetries Of Fields
A convenient way of classifying fields (classical or quantum) is by the symmetries it possesses. Physical symmetries are usually of two t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnet - Electromagnets And Permanent Magnets
The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation - Physics
Electromagnetic radiation - Theory. Electromagnetic waves of much lower frequency than visible light were predicted by Maxwell's equati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Comparison With Electromagnetic Force
The gravitational attraction between protons is approximately a factor of 1036 weaker than the electromagnetic repulsion. This factor is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Comparison With Electromagnetic Force
The gravitational attraction between protons is approximately a factor of 1036 weaker than the electromagnetic repulsion. This factor is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnet - Introduction
The simplest type of electromagnet is a coiled piece of wire. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (similar to a corkscrew) is cal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Field Equation: Encyclopedia Ii - Field Equation - Maxwell's Equations
Main article: Maxwell's equations The electromagnetic force is best described by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. The field equat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetic Field - Energy In The Magnetic Field
The general relation for nonlinear materials, the differential energy is: Where V is the volume and dV is the differential volume. For...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Radiation: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Radiation - Derivation
Electromagnetic waves as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwell's equat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetic Field - Symbols And Terminology
Magnetic field is usually denoted by the symbol . Historically, was called the magnetic flux density, magnetic induction, or magnetic fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Gravity And Quantum Mechanics
It is widely believed that three of the four fundamental forces (the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electromagneti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Gravity And Quantum Mechanics
It is widely believed that three of the four fundamental forces (the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electromagneti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetic Field - Definition
Like the electric field, the magnetic field can be defined by the force it produces. In SI units, this is: where F is the force produ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magnetic Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Magnetic Field - Properties
Maxwell did much to unify static electricity and magnetism, producing a set of four equations relating the two fields. However, under Max...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnet - Devices That Use Electromagnets
Electromagnets are used in many situations where a rapidly or easily variable magnetic field is desired. Many of these applications invol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnetic Spectroscopy: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnetic Spectroscopy - Types Of Electromagnetic Radiation Measured
This can be in any range of wavelengths: Radio waves Microwaves Infrared light (see infrared spectroscopy) Visible light (see UV/visible...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Alternative Theories
Gravity - Recent alternative theories. Brans-Dicke theory of gravity Rosen bi-metric theory of gravity In the modified Newtonian dynam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Field - Properties In Electrostatics
According to Equation (1) above, electric field is dependent on position. The electric field due to any single charge falls off as the sq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electromagnet: Encyclopedia Ii - Electromagnet - Force On Ferromagnetic Materials
Computing the force on ferromagnetic materials is, in general, quite complex. This is due to fringing field lines and complex geometries....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Field - Definition And Derivation For Electrostatics
The mathematical definition of the electric field is developed as follows. Coulomb's law gives the force between two point charges (infin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Alternative Theories
Gravity - Recent alternative theories. Brans-Dicke theory of gravity Rosen bi-metric theory of gravity In the modified Newtonian dynam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Alternative Theories
Gravity - Recent alternative theories. Brans-Dicke theory of gravity Rosen bi-metric theory of gravity In the modified Newtonian dynam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electric Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Electric Field - Parallels Between Electrostatics And Gravity
As explained above, electric field can be thought of as a proportionality constant when the force exerted on a test charge is proportiona...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Gravity And Astronomy
So Newton's original formula was: To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation, there needed to be a multiplying factor or con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Gravity And Astronomy
So Newton's original formula was: where the symbol means "is proportional to". To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Gravity And Astronomy
So Newton's original formula was: where the symbol means "is proportional to". To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states the following: Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states the following: Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states the following: Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation states the following: Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - The Earth's Gravity
The acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, denoted g, is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (metres per second squared) or 32 ft/sec2. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Einstein's Theory Of Gravitation
Einstein's theory of gravitation answered the problems with Newton's theory noted above. In a revolutionary move, his theory of general r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - The Earth's Gravity
The acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, denoted g, is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (metres per second squared) or 32 ft/sec2. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - Einstein's Theory Of Gravitation
Einstein's theory of gravitation answered the problems with Newton's theory noted above. In a revolutionary move, his theory of general r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Gravity - The Earth's Gravity
Thee acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface, denoted g, is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (metres per second squared) or 32 ft/sec2. ...   » Read the article