Large 75 microvolt delta waves predominate the electroencephalogram. Predominates the first third of the night. ...

See also:

Slow Wave Sleep, Slow Wave Sleep - Electroencephalographic Characteristics, Slow Wave Sleep - Characteristics

Read more here: » Slow Wave Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Slow Wave Sleep - Electroencephalographic Characteristics

Electroencephalograph or EEG:

A machine that records electromagnetic activity in the brain (the so-called “brain waves”), usually upon a moving roll of paper.

(See also: Electroencephalograph, Pagan, Paganism, Pagan Dictionary)

upper frequency

In biofeedback work the UF denotes the highest threshold reached on the scale of brain rhythms when connected to the electroencephalograph

(See also: Upper frequency, Body Mind and Soul)

Brain fingerprinting is a technique that measures recognition of familiar stimuli by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures that are presented on a computer screen. Brain fingerprinting was invented by Dr. Lawrence Farwell. The theory is that the suspect's reaction to the details of an event or activity will reflect if the suspect had prior knowledge of the event or activity. This test uses the Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic Response to detect familiarity reaction. It ...

Including:

• Brain fingerprinting - Background and terminology
• Brain fingerprinting - Justification
• Brain fingerprinting - Criticisms
• Brain fingerprinting - Ethical considerations
• Brain fingerprinting - Conflicting evidence
• Brain fingerprinting - Current uses and research

Read more here: » Brain fingerprinting: Encyclopedia - Brain fingerprinting

Some believe brain fingerprinting needs far more refinement before its use becomes widespread and court cases are decided on its evidence. A large proportion of the scientific community believes that this new test will have the same limitations as the older polygraph test. Several studies have shown it is possible to control electroencephalographic response in much the same way as it is possible to fool a polygraph test; however, a higher level of training and discipline is required. Neither American or Euro ...

See also:

Brain fingerprinting, Brain fingerprinting - Background and terminology, Brain fingerprinting - Justification, Brain fingerprinting - Criticisms, Brain fingerprinting - Ethical considerations, Brain fingerprinting - Conflicting evidence, Brain fingerprinting - Current uses and research

Read more here: » Brain fingerprinting: Encyclopedia II - Brain fingerprinting - Criticisms

Sleep - Methodology. Before advances in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, electronics and genetics were made, scientists studied the behavioral characteristics of sleep, such as its pattern, depth and varying frequency. In more recent times, the electrical impulses generated by the brain are recorded using a device called an electroencephalograph (EEG), and individual genes relating to sleep-related brain function, such as the circadian rhythm, are isolated. Molecular biology, medical science and epidemiology all play an ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

As a young man Walter was greatly influenced by the work of the famous Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. He visited the lab of Hans Berger, who invented the electroencephalograph, or EEG machine, for measuring electrical activity in the brain. Walter produced his own versions of Berger's machine with improved capabilities, which allowed it to detect a variety of brain wave types ranging from the h ...

See also:

William Grey Walter, William Grey Walter - Overview, William Grey Walter - Walter's work on brain waves, William Grey Walter - The tortoises, William Grey Walter - Books and articles, William Grey Walter - Source

Read more here: » William Grey Walter: Encyclopedia II - William Grey Walter - Walter's work on brain waves

Sleep - Methodology. Before advances in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, electronics and genetics were made, scientists studied the behavioral characteristics of sleep, such as its pattern, depth, and varying frequency. In more recent times, the electrical impulses generated by the brain are recorded using a device called an electroencephalograph (EEG), and individual genes relating to sleep-related brain function, such as the circadian rhythm, have been isolated. Molecular biology, medical science and epidemiology all play an ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

Biofeedback

A scientific technique to tune into and consciously control bodily functions through the use of EEG (electroencephalographic) feedback instruments to monitor brain waves and skin resistance with the goal of modification of brain waves. and feeds that information back to the user.

Participants can learn to control heart rates or generate brain wave activity (alpha, beta, and delta) at will to induce altered states of consciousness. Enhances the capacity for relaxation and/or inducing meditative states and physiological control similar to that in yoga and Zen.

(See also: Biofeedback, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by persistent defects in the perception or expression of reality. A person experiencing untreated schizophrenia typically demonstrates grossly disorganized thinking, and may also experience delusions or auditory hallucinations. Although the illness primarily affects cognition, it can also contribute to chronic problems with behavior or emotions. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, it is difficult to say whether it is in fact a single psychiatric disorder; and Eugen Bleuler deliberately called the disease "the schizo ...

Including:

• Schizophrenia - Overview
• Schizophrenia - History
• Schizophrenia - Diagnosis
• Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms
• Schizophrenia - Subtypes
• Schizophrenia - Presentation
• Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies
• Schizophrenia - Causes
• Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences
• Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences
• Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence
• Schizophrenia - Treatment
• Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization
• Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support
• Schizophrenia - Prognosis
• Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use
• Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens
• Schizophrenia - Cannabis
• Schizophrenia - Tobacco
• Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence
• Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia - Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms. Like many mental illnesses, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is based upon the behavior of the person being assessed. There is a list of criteria that must be met for someone to be so diagnosed. These depend on both the presence and duration of certain signs and symptoms. The most commonly used criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia are from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the World Health Organ ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Diagnosis

The relationship between schizophrenia and drug use is complex, meaning that a clear causal connection between drug use and schizophrenia has been difficult to tease apart. There is strong evidence that using certain drugs can trigger either the onset or relapse of schizophrenia in some people. It may also be the case, however, that people with schizophrenia use drugs to overcome negative feelings associated with the commonly prescribed antipsychotic medication, and the disorder itself, where negative emotion, paranoia and anhedonia are all considered to be core features. ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use

Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia. Although schizophrenia is sometimes associated with violence in the media, only a small minority of people with schizophrenia become violent, and only a minority of people who commit criminal violence have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Research has suggested that schizophrenia is associated with a slight increase in risk of violence, although this risk is largely due to a small sub-group of individuals for whom violence is associated w ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence

An approach broadly known as the anti-psychiatry movement, notably most active in the 1960s, has opposed the orthodox medical view of schizophrenia as an illness. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has argued that psychiatric patients are not ill but are just individuals with unconventional thoughts and behavior that make society uncomfortable. He argues that society unjustly seeks to control such individuals by classifying their behavior as an illness and forcibly treating them as a method of social control. An important but subtle point is t ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia

Prognosis for any particular individual affected by schizophrenia is particularly hard to judge as treatment and access to treatment is continually changing, as new methods become available and medical recommendations change. A retrospective study has shown that about a third of people make a full recovery, about a third show improvement but not a full recovery, and a third remain illSee also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Prognosis

Schizophrenia is often described in terms of "positive" and "negative" symptoms. Positive symptoms include delusions, auditory hallucinations and thought disorder and are typically regarded as manifestations of psychosis. Negative symptoms are so named because they are considered to be the loss or absence of normal traits or abilities, and include features such as flat, blunted or constricted affect and emotion, poverty of speech and lack of motivation. Some models of schizophrenia include formal thought disorder and planning difficulties in a ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Overview

Accounts that may relate to symptoms of schizophrenia date back as far as 2000 BC in the Book of Hearts, part of the ancient Ebers papyrus. However, a recent study1 into the ancient Greek and Roman literature showed that, while the general population probably had an awareness of psychotic disorders, there was no recorded condition that would meet the modern diagnostic crite ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - History

Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences. While the reliability of the schizophrenia diagnosis introduces difficulties in measuring the relative effect of genes and environment (for example, symptoms overlap to some extent with severe bipolar disorder or major depression), there is evidence to suggest that genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors can ac ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Causes

Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood. It is found approximately equally in men and women, though the onset tends to be later in women, who also tend to have a better course and outcome. The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is commonly given at 1%; however, a recent review of studies from around the world estimated it to be 0.55%34. The same study also found that prevalence may vary greatly from country to country, despite the received ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence

Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization. The first line treatment for schizophrenia is usually the use of antipsychotic medication. The newer atypical antipsychotic medications (such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and aripiprazole) are preferred over older typical antipsychotic medications (such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol) due to their favorable side-effect profile. Compared to the typical antipsychotics, the atypicals are associated with a lower incident rate of extr ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Treatment