Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry and studies the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). If a chemical reaction is caused by an external voltage, or if a voltage is caused by a chemical reaction, as in a Battery (electricity), it is an electrochemical reaction. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where an oxidation and a reduction reaction is separ ...

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Electrochemistry - History Electrochemistry - Principles
Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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Electrochemistry, Electrochemistry - History, Electrochemistry - Principles, Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction, Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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Several reaction mechanisms exist for organic reductions: Direct electron transfer in one-electron reduction with the Birch reduction as example Hydride transfer in reductions with for example Lithium aluminium hydride Hydrogen reductions with a catalyst such as the Lindlar catalyst or the Adkins catalyst. Disproportionation reaction such as the Cannizzaro reaction Reductions that do not fit in any reduction reaction mechanism and in which just the change in oxidatio ...

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Organic reduction, Organic reduction - Organic reductions, Organic reduction - Organic oxidations

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Amine oxide - Pyrolytic elimination. Amine oxides, when heated to 150 to 200 ºC eliminate a hydroxylamine, resulting in an alkene. This pyrolytic syn-elimination reaction is known under the name Cope reaction. The mechanism is similar to that of the Hofmann elimination. Amine oxide - Reduction to amines. Amine oxides are readily converted to the parent amine by common reduction reagents including lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, catalytic reduction, zi ...

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Amine oxide, Amine oxide - Synthesis, Amine oxide - Reactions, Amine oxide - Pyrolytic elimination, Amine oxide - Reduction to amines, Amine oxide - Metabolites, Amine oxide - Prodrugs

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The addition of BH3 to the alkene is a concerted reaction, with multiple bond formation and breaking occuring simultaneously. The intermediate step can be visualized more clearly by a theoretical transition state. Knowing that the group containing the boron will be replaced by a hydroxyl group, it can be seen that the first step is the stereospecific-determining step. The hydroborane will add to the alkene so that the boron always ends up on the lesser substituted carbon. There are two equally valid explanati ...

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Hydroboration-oxidation reaction, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Isolation of borane reagents, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Mechanism, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Oxymercuration-reduction

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Substances that have the ability to oxidize (Commonwealth English oxidise) other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants or oxidizers. Put in another way, the oxidant removes electrons from the other substance, and is thus reduced itself. Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation numbers (e.g., H2O2, MnO4-, CrO3, Cr2O72-, OsO4) or hi ...

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Redox, Redox - Oxidizing and reducing agents, Redox - Oxidation in the industry, Redox - Former meaning oxygen/hydrogen, Redox - Examples of redox reactions, Redox - Other examples, Redox - Redox reactions in biology

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The term nitrogen oxide is imprecise and can be used to refer to any of these oxides (oxygen compounds) of nitrogen, or to a mixture of them: Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen(II) oxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) (Nitrous oxide) Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Din ...

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Nitrogen oxide - NOx
Nitrogen oxide - Definition of NOx and NOy in atmospheric chemistry Nitrogen oxide - Sources of NOx Nitrogen oxide - Emission control technologies
Nitrogen oxide - Regulation

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Substances that have the ability to oxidize (Commonwealth English oxidise) other substances are said to be oxidative and are known as oxidizing agents, oxidants or oxidizers. Put in another way, the oxidant removes electrons from the other substance, and is thus reduced itself. Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation numbers (e.g. H2O2, MnO4-, CrO3, Cr2O72-, OsO4) or hig ...

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Redox, Redox - Oxidizing and reducing agents, Redox - Oxidation in the industry, Redox - Former meaning oxygen/hydrogen, Redox - Examples of redox reactions, Redox - Other examples, Redox - Redox reactions in biology

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Copper forms two oxides, copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide, Cu2O) a red powder and copper(II) oxide (cupric oxide, CuO) a black powder. Cu2O has some scientific uses, including use as a superconductor. CuO is the main product when copper is heated in air. The mineral cuprite, a red colored crystal, is copper(I) oxide. More details are to be found on the specific pages linked above. Other related archivescopper(I) oxide, copper(II) oxide, cuprite, red, superconductor

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Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide (CuO) is the higher oxide of copper. It is a black solid which melts above 1200 °C with some loss of oxygen. It can be formed by heating copper in air, but in this case it is formed along with copper(I) oxide; thus, it is better prepared by heating copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate: CuCO3 → CuO + CO2 Copper(II) oxide is a basic oxide, so it dissolves in mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid to give the corresponding copper(II) salts: CuO + 2 HNO3

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Zinc oxide is a chemical compound with formula ZnO. It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in acids or alkalis. It occurs as white hexagonal crystals or a white powder commonly known as zinc white. It remains white when exposed to hydrogen sulfide or ultraviolet light. Crystalline zinc oxide exhibits the piezoelectric effect, is luminescent (it will change colour from white to yellow when heated, and back again when cooled down), and is light sensitive. Zinc oxide occurs in nature as the mineral zincite. Zinc peroxide, ZnO2 .½ H2O, is a whi ...

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Zinc oxide - Pyroelectric coefficient

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Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which easily oxidises in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to form HCuCl2 (a complex of CuCl), while dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce co ...

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CopperI oxide - Applications as semiconductor

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Aluminium oxide or aluminum oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is also commonly referred to as alumina in the mining, ceramic, and materials science communities. Alumina is generally available in two concentrations: 99.5% and 96%. Aluminium oxide is responsible for metallic aluminium's resistance to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of aluminium oxide quickly forms on any ...

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Aluminium oxide - Industrial Fabrication Process

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Chromium(III) oxide, also known as chromium sesquioxide or chromia, is one of four oxides of chromium, chemical formula Cr2O3. Cr2O3 is commonly called chrome green when used as a pigment, however it was referred to as viridian when it was first discovered. The Parisians Pannetier and Binet first prepared Cr2O3 in 1838 via a secret process. Cr2O3 is manufactured from the mineral chromite, FeCrO2, ...

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Cerium(IV) oxide, ceric oxide, ceria, or sometimes simply cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is a pale yellow-white powder, CeO2. It is used in ceramics, to polish glass, and to sensitize photosensitive glass. It is also used in lapidary as "jeweller's rouge" and in the walls of self-cleaning ovens. It is slightly hygroscopic and will also absorb a small amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Note that cerium als ...

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CeriumIV oxide - Ceria as a fuel cell electrolyte

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General Physical Thermochemistry Safety SI units were used where possible. Unless otherwise stated, standard conditions were used. Disclaimer and references Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic and alkaline crystalline solid. As a commercial product lime often also contains magnesium oxide, silicon oxide an ...

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Breast reduction, or reduction mammaplasty, is a surgical procedure which involves the reduction in the size of breasts by excising fat, skin, and glandular tissue; it may also involve a procedure to counterract drooping of the breasts. As with breast augmentation, this procedure is performed most often on women. Breast reduction surgery is oriented toward women with large, pendulous breasts, since the weight of their breasts may cause neck, back, shoulder, circulation, and/or breathing problems. The weight may also caus ...

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Borane exists as a toxic, colorless gas called diborane (B2H6). In diborane, the electrons of two hydrogen-boron bonds are delocalized and are continually transferred between the two boron atoms. This resonance satisfies boron's electrophilicity. Because interconversion happens instantaneously, it is not possible to isolate pure borane. However, when diborane is treated with an ether, a stable borane-ether complex is formed. This borane-ether complex acts chemically like borane and it is the actual reagent that is used in the laboratory. For simplicity in illustration, ...

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Hydroboration-oxidation reaction, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Isolation of borane reagents, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Mechanism, Hydroboration-oxidation reaction - Oxymercuration-reduction

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Yttrium barium copper oxide, or YBCO, chemical formula YBa2Cu3O7-δ, is a high-temperature superconductor with a superconducting temperature of 94K. Its discovery by The University of Alabama in Huntsville in 1987 launched the era of high-temperature superconductors. It was the first superconductor to break the liquid nitrogen barrier, i.e. the first to be superconducting at a temperature high enough to permit the use of liquid nitrogen as a coolant. Because liquid nitrogen, at 77K, is significantly less expensive than liquid helium, YBCO made a la ...

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Oxides of more electropositive elements tend to be basic. They are called basic anhydrides; adding water, they may form basic hydroxides. For example, sodium oxide is basic; when hydrated, it forms sodium hydroxide. Oxides of more electronegative elements tend to be acids. They are called acid anhydrides; adding water, they may form oxygen acids. For example, dichlorine heptoxide is acid; perchloric acid is a more hydrated form. Some oxides can act as both acid and base, at different times. They are amphoteric. An example is aluminium oxide. Some oxides do ...

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Oxide, Oxide - Current naming, Oxide - Chemical properties, Oxide - Types of oxides, Oxide - Common oxides sorted by oxidation state

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