The proton gradient can be used as an intermediate energy storage for heat production and flagellar rotation. Additionally it is an interconvertible form of energy in active transport, electron potential generation, NADPH synthesis and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis. The electrochemical potential difference between the two sides of the membrane in mitochondria, chloroplasts, bacteria and other membranous compartments that engage in active transport involving proton pumps, is at times called a chemiosmotic potential or < ...

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Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical gradient - General overview, Electrochemical gradient - Chemistry, Electrochemical gradient - Biological context, Electrochemical gradient - Ion gradients, Electrochemical gradient - Proton gradients

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Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical gradient - General overview, Electrochemical gradient - Chemistry, Electrochemical gradient - Biological context, Electrochemical gradient - Ion gradients, Electrochemical gradient - Proton gradients

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With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartment, the propensity of an electrically charged solute, such as a potassium ion, to move across the membrane is decided by the difference in its electrochemical potential on either side of the membrane, which arises from three factors: the difference in the concentration of the solute between the two sides of the membrane the charge or "valence" of the solute molecule the difference in voltage between the two sides ...

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Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical gradient - General overview, Electrochemical gradient - Chemistry, Electrochemical gradient - Biological context, Electrochemical gradient - Ion gradients, Electrochemical gradient - Proton gradients

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The precise meaning of the term chemical potential depends on the context in which it is used. When speaking of thermodynamic systems, chemical potential refers to the thermodynamic chemical potential. In this context, the chemical potential is the change in a characteristic thermodynamical state function (depending on the experimental conditions, the characteristic thermodynamic state function is either: internal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, or Helmholtz free energy) per ...

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Chemical potential - Thermodynamic Chemical Potential
Chemical potential - Precise definition
Chemical potential - Relativistic Chemical Potential Chemical potential - Electronic Chemical Potential

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With respect to a cell, organelle, or other subcellular compartments, the inclined tendency of an electrically charged solute, such as a potassium ion, to move across the membrane is decided by the difference in it's electrochemical potential on either side of the membrane, which arises from three factors: the difference in the concentration of the solute between the two sides of the membrane the charge or "valence" of the solute molecule the difference in voltage between the two sides ...

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Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical gradient - General overview, Electrochemical gradient - Chemistry, Electrochemical gradient - Biological context, Electrochemical gradient - Ion gradients, Electrochemical gradient - Proton gradients

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An electrochemical gradient has two components. First, the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membrane. Second, a chemical component is caused by a differential concentration of ions across the membrane. The combination of these two factors determines the thermodynamically favourable direction for an ions movement across a membrnae. Electrochemical gradients are analogous to hydroelectric dams and equivalent to the water pressure across the dam. Membrane transport proteins such as the sodium-potassi ...

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Electrochemical gradient, Electrochemical gradient - General overview, Electrochemical gradient - Chemistry, Electrochemical gradient - Biological context, Electrochemical gradient - Ion gradients, Electrochemical gradient - Proton gradients

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The chemical potential of a thermodynamic system is the amount by which the energy of the system would change if an additional particle were introduced, with the entropy and volume held fixed. If a system contains more than one species of particle, there is a separate chemical potential associated with each species, defined as the change in energy when the number of particles of that species is increased by one. The chemical potential is a fundamental ...

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Chemical potential, Chemical potential - Thermodynamic Chemical Potential, Chemical potential - Precise definition, Chemical potential - Relativistic Chemical Potential, Chemical potential - Electronic Chemical Potential

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Bioelectromagnetism (sometimes equated with bioelectricity) refers to the static voltage of biological cells and to the electric currents that flow in living tissues, such as nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials. Bioelectromagnetism - Description. Biological cells use bioelectricity to store metabolic energy, to do work or trigger internal changes, and to signal one another. Bioelectromagnetism is the electric current produced by action potentials along with the magnetic fields they g ...

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Bioelectromagnetism - Description Bioelectromagnetism - Volume Conductors Bioelectromagnetism - Quotes

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Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry and studies the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). If a chemical reaction is caused by an external voltage, or if a voltage is caused by a chemical reaction, as in a Battery (electricity), it is an electrochemical reaction. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where an oxidation and a reduction reaction is separ ...

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Electrochemistry - History Electrochemistry - Principles
Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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The electronic chemical potential is the functional derivative of the density functional with respect to the electron density. Formally, a functional derivative yields many functions, but is a particular function when evaluated about a reference electron density - just as a derivate yields a function, but is a particular number when evaluated about a reference point. The density functional is written as where is the external potential, e.g., the electrostatic potential of the nu ...

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Chemical potential, Chemical potential - Thermodynamic Chemical Potential, Chemical potential - Precise definition, Chemical potential - Relativistic Chemical Potential, Chemical potential - Electronic Chemical Potential

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Biological cells use bioelectricity to store metabolic energy, to do work or trigger internal changes, and to signal one another. Bioelectromagnetism is the electric current produced by action potentials along with the magnetic fields they generate through the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Bioelectromagnetism is studied primarily through the techniques of electrophysiology. In the late eighteenth century, the Italian physician and physicist, Luigi Galvani, first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table whe ...

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Bioelectromagnetism, Bioelectromagnetism - Description, Bioelectromagnetism - Volume Conductors, Bioelectromagnetism - Quotes

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Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry and studies the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). If a chemical reaction is caused by an external voltage, or if a voltage is caused by a chemical reaction, as in a Battery (electricity), it is an electrochemical reaction. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where an oxidation and a reduction reaction is separ ...

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Electrochemistry - History Electrochemistry - Principles
Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction. The elements involved in an electrochemical reaction are characterized by the number of electrons each has. The oxidation state of an ion is the number of electrons it has accepted or donated compared to its neutral state (which is defined as having an oxidation state of 0). If an atom or ion donates an electron in a reaction its oxidation state is increased, if an element accept ...

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Electrochemistry, Electrochemistry - History, Electrochemistry - Principles, Electrochemistry - Oxidation and Reduction, Electrochemistry - Spontaneity

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The term "electromotive force" originally referred to the strength with which positive and negative charges could be separated (i.e. moved, hence "electromotive"), and was also called "electromotive power" (although it is not a power in the modern sense). (c.f. Oxford English Dictionary, "electromotive force".) Maxwell's 1865 explication of what are now called Maxwell's equations used the term "electromotiv ...

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Electromotive force, Electromotive force - Terminology, Electromotive force - Generation of emfs, Electromotive force - Effects, Electromotive force - Distinction between emf and p.d.

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Although the primary function of mitochondria is to convert organic materials into cellular energy in the form of ATP, mitochondria play an important role in many metabolic tasks, such as: Apoptosis Glutamate-mediated excitotoxic neuronal injury Cellular proliferation Regulation of the cellular redox state Heme synthesis Steroid synthesis He ...

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Mitochondrion, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrion structure, Mitochondrion - The mitochondrial matrix, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial functions, Mitochondrion - Energy conversion, Mitochondrion - Use in population genetic studies, Mitochondrion - Origin, Mitochondrion - Reference, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial structure, Mitochondrion - Fiction

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In standard electrical engineering guidelines, the 3 fundamental units of Resistance, Voltage & Current are seen as inhomogeneous values(ie: discrete). However, in Bioelectromagnetism these 3 fundamental units are treated as a single homogeneous object, a method of working with this rule is a visual model called a Volume conductor.... ...

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Bioelectromagnetism, Bioelectromagnetism - Description, Bioelectromagnetism - Volume Conductors, Bioelectromagnetism - Quotes

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Commonly, emf is generated by chemical reaction (e.g., a battery or a fuel cell), absorption of radiant or thermal energy (e.g., a solar cell or a thermocouple), or electromagnetic induction (e.g., a generator or an alternator). Electromagnetic induction is a means of converting mechanical energy, i.e., energy of motion into electrical energy. The emf generated in this way is often referred to as motional emf. Motional emf is ultimately due to the electrical effect of a changing magnetic field. In the presence of a changing mag ...

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Electromotive force, Electromotive force - Terminology, Electromotive force - Generation of emfs, Electromotive force - Effects, Electromotive force - Distinction between emf and p.d.

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Commonly, emf is generated by electrochemical reaction (e.g., a battery or a fuel cell), absorption of radiant or thermal energy (e.g., a solar cell or a thermocouple), or electromagnetic induction (e.g., a generator or an alternator). Electromagnetic induction is a means of converting mechanical energy, i.e., energy of motion into electrical energy. The emf generated in this way is often referred to as motional emf. Motional emf is ultimately due to the electrical effect of a changing magnetic field. In the presence of a chang ...

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Electromotive force, Electromotive force - Terminology, Electromotive force - Generation of emfs, Electromotive force - Effects, Electromotive force - Distinction between emf and p.d.

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The outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria are composed of phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins, much like a typical cell membrane. The two membranes, however, have very different properties. The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle, is composed of about 50% phospholipids by weight and contains a variety of enzymes involved in such diverse activities such as the oxidation of epinephrine (adrenaline), the degradation of tryptophan, and the elongation of fatty acids. The outer mitochondrial membrane c ...

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Mitochondrion, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrion structure, Mitochondrion - The mitochondrial matrix, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial functions, Mitochondrion - Energy conversion, Mitochondrion - Use in population genetic studies, Mitochondrion - Origin, Mitochondrion - Reference, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial structure, Mitochondrion - Fiction

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Main article: mitochondrial genetics Because eggs destroy the mitochondria of the sperm that fertilize them, the mitochondrial DNA of an individual derives exclusively from the mother. Individuals inherit the other kinds of genes and DNA from both parents jointly. Because of the unique matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution. Se ...

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Mitochondrion, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrion structure, Mitochondrion - The mitochondrial matrix, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial functions, Mitochondrion - Energy conversion, Mitochondrion - Use in population genetic studies, Mitochondrion - Origin, Mitochondrion - Reference, Mitochondrion - Mitochondrial structure, Mitochondrion - Fiction

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