Elder Futhark

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Elder Futhark

The Elder Futhark (or Older Futhark, Old Futhark) are the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries for inscriptions on artefacts (jewellery, amulets, tools, weapons) and rune stones. In Scandinavia, the script was replaced by the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century, while the Anglo-Saxons replaced it with the Futhorc from the time of the invasion of England. Elder Futhark - Origins. Including:

Elder Futhark - Names

Elder Futhark - Inscription corpus

Elder Futhark: Spiritual Dictionary on Elder Futhark

Elder Futhark: The German rune alphabet of 24 characters used c. 200 b.c.e. to 800 c.e.

(See also: Elder Futhark, Magic, Shamanism, Paganism, Wicca)

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia II - Elder Futhark - The alphabet

The Older Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names) consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three groups or aett of eight each: ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ The common transliteration if these is: f u þ a r k g w h n i j ï p z s < ...

Jāra or Jēra "harvest, (good) year" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the j-rune ᛃ. In the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, it is continued as ᛄ Gēr and ᛡ Ior. Its name is continued as ᛅ Ár in the Younger Futhark. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌾 j, named jer. See also. Elder Futhark Rune poem Category: Runes ...

Read more here: » Jera: Encyclopedia - Jera

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia II - Elder Futhark - The alphabet

The Older Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names) consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three rows of eight. The earliest known full sequential listing of the alphabet dates to ca. 400 and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland. Another early inscription was found on the Vadstena bracteate. The 24 letters are divided in three groups or aett of eight each: ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ See also:

Elder Futhark, Elder Futhark - Origins, Elder Futhark - The alphabet, Elder Futhark - Names, Elder Futhark - Inscription corpus, Elder Futhark - Scandinavian inscriptions, Elder Futhark - Continental inscriptions, Elder Futhark - Distribution

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Berkanan

Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b-rune ᛒ, meaning "birch". In the Younger Futhark it is called bjarken in Icelandic and bjarkan in Norse. As a rune of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, it is called beorc ("birch" or "poplar"). The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌱 b, named bairkan. See also. Elder Futhark Rune poem ...

Read more here: » Berkanan: Encyclopedia - Berkanan

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Anglo-Saxon Futhorc

The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc are a runic alphabet, extended from the Elder Futhark, consisting of 29, and later even 33 characters. It was used probably from the 5th century onward. There are competing theories as to the origins of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in Frisia and from there spread later to England. Another holds that runes were first introduced to England from Scandinavia where the futhorc was modified and then exported to Frisia. Both theories have their inherent weaknesses and a definitive ...

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Runic alphabet

The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia and the British Isles. In all their varieties they may be considered an ancient writing system of Northern Europe. The Scandinavian version is known as Futhark (derived from its first six letters: 'F', 'U' 'Th', 'A', 'R', and 'K'), and the Anglo-Saxon version as Futhorc (also so named after its first letters). The earliest runic inscriptions date from ca. 150, and the al ...

Including:

Runic alphabet - Background

Runic alphabet - Elder Fuþark

Runic alphabet - Names

Runic alphabet - Modern use

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Thurisaz

The rune expressing the ᚦ is called Thurs (Þurs "giant", see Jotun) in the Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems: In Anglo-Saxon England, the same rune was called Thorn and it survives as the letter Þ. The corresponding Gothic letter, 𐌸, is called þiuþ. This lack of agreement makes it difficult to reconstruct the Elder Futhark rune's Proto-Germanic name. If thurs continues the original name, it may have b ...

Read more here: » Thurisaz: Encyclopedia - Thurisaz

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Younger Futhark

The Younger Fuþark, also called Scandinavian Fuþark, are a runic alphabet, a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters, in use from ca. AD 800. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. They are found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions has been a matter of contro ...

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Norse clans

The Scandinavian clan or ætt in Old Norse, was a social group based on common descent or on the formal acceptance into the group at a þing. In the absence of a police force, the clan was the primary force of security in Norse society as the clansmen were obliged by honour to avenge one another. The Norse clan was not tied to a certain territory in the same way as a Scottish clan, where the chief owned the territory. The land of the Scandinavian clan was owned by the individuals who had close neighbours from other clans. The named of the clan was derived from that of its ancestor, often with t ...

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Vadstena bracteate

The Vadstena bracteate (or rather bracteates since there are two of them) is a gold C-bracteate found in the earth at Vadstena in 1774. A goldsmith was about to recycle the gold by melting the bracteate but was stopped by a local clergyman. The bracteate is believed to have been minted at the end of the 6th century. In the middle of the bracteate is a four-legged animal with a man's head above it, and in front of this a bird separated from the other image by a line. (The image is commonly associated with Odin in bracteate icono ...

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Björketorp Runestone

The Björketorp Runestone (DR 360 U) in Blekinge, Sweden, is part of a grave field which includes menhirs, both solitary and forming stone circles. It is one of the world's tallest rune stones measuring 4.2 metres in height, and it forms an imposing sight together with two high uninscribed menhirs. Björketorp Runestone - Inscription. The runes were made in the 6th or the 7th century and in Proto-Norse (a similar message is given on the Stentoften Runestone). It i ...

Including:

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Sol goddess

Sol was, in Norse mythology, the goddess of the sun, a daughter of Mundilfari and Glaur and the wife of Glen. The corresponding Old English name is Sigel. Every day, she rode through the sky on her chariot, pulled by two horses named Alsvid and Arvak. She was chased during the day by Skoll, a wolf that wanted to devour her. Solar eclipses signified that Skoll had almost caught up to her. It is fated that Skoll will eventually catch Sol and eat her, though she would then be replaced by her daughter. The earth was protecte ...

Including:

Sol goddess - The Sol rune

Sol goddess - Armanen Runes

Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia - Teiwaz

Teiwaz Spiritual Warrior Letter- T Divinatory Meaning- Truth, justice, rationality, analysis, victory, self-sacrifice, duty, discipline, responsibility, self-sacrifice, conflict, strength, a wound, physicality, the warrior path Magickal Uses- Protection, victory, strength, strengthening the will, healing a wound Myths & Deities- Tyr and the Fenris Wolf, Odin's ordeals Symbolism- This rune symbolizes all battles. It has a positive spirit in that it is helpful ...

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Elder Futhark: Encyclopedia II - Runic alphabet - Intermediary Inscriptions

In the 7th century appeared an intermediary form of runes between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark, but there are very few inscriptions. Two of them are the Stentoften Runestone and the Björketorp Runestone, where the haglaz rune has evolved into having the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark, but it is used for an a-phoneme. The k-rune, which looks like a Y is a transition form between and in the two futharks. The two futharks were in parallel use f ...

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