Centuries: 15th century BC - 14th century BC - 13th century BC Decades: 1370s BC 1360s BC 1350s BC 1340s BC 1330s BC - 1320s BC - 1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1320s BC - Events and trends. Egypt: End of Eighteenth Dynasty, start of Nineteenth Dynasty (1320 BC) 1320s BC - Significant people. 1323 BC - Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt 1320 BC - Birth of later Pharaoh Ramses II of Egypt (approximate date) ...

Including:

• 1320s BC - Events and trends
• 1320s BC - Significant people

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The Hyksos (Egyptian heka khasewet) were an ethnically mixed group of Southwest Asiatic or Semitic people who appeared in the eastern Nile Delta during the Second Intermediate Period. They rose to power during the Second Intermediate Period, and ruled Lower and Middle Egypt for over one hundred years, forming the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (ca. 1674-1548 B.C.E. See Egyptian chronology). Traditionally, only the six Fifteenth Dynasty rulers are called "Hyksos". The Hyksos had names that bear strong similar ...

Including:

• Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?
• Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?
• Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule
• Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive
• Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II
• Hyksos - Under Kamose
• Hyksos - Under Ahmose
• Hyksos - Summary

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Amarna (commonly known as el-Amarna) is the name given to an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly-established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC). The name for the city employed by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten (or Akhetaton – transliterations vary) in English transliteration. It trans ...

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• Amarna - The city of Akhetaten
• Amarna - Chronology of investigation

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Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC 1540s BC - 1530s BC - 1520s BC 1510s BC 1500s BC 1490s BC 1480s BC 1530s BC - Events and trends. 1539 BC - End of Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty. 1539 BC - Approximate first use of the Valley of the Kings. 1530 BC - End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty - see History of Iraq. < ...

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• 1530s BC - Events and trends
• 1530s BC - Significant people

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Pharaoh ( Arabic فرعون) is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in ancient Egypt. Pharaoh - Etymology. The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words Pr-Aa meaning "Great House." Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to Thutmose III in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty (1539-1292 BC). By the Twenty-Second Dynasty (c. 945-c. 720 BC) this usage ...

Including:

• Pharaoh - Etymology
• Pharaoh - Open problems
• Pharaoh - Regalia and titles
• Pharaoh - Bibliography

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Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Nineteenth Dynasty. The Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, New Kingdom. The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. This period is best known for its military conquests in modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. New Kingdom Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II, who ca ...

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Centuries: 17th century BC - 16th century BC - 15th century BC Decades: 1610s BC 1600s BC 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC - 1560s BC - 1550s BC 1540s BC 1530s BC 1520s BC 1510s BC 1560s BC - Events and trends. 1567 BC - Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty, start of Eighteenth Dynasty. 1560s BC - Significant people. Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt ( 1570- 1546 B ...

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• 1560s BC - Events and trends
• 1560s BC - Significant people

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Carchemish (pr. kArkemish or karkEmish; called Europus by the Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires, now on the frontier between Turkey and Syria. It was the location of an important battle between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible. The city is said to be known locally as Jarablos (also Jarâblos) [1] , linking it to the Biblical city of Jerablus; a corrupted form on the name is Djerabis. Carchemish - The si ...

Including:

• Carchemish - The site
• Carchemish - History
• Carchemish - Rediscovery and exploration
• Carchemish - Kings of Carchemish
• Carchemish - Books

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16th century BC - Overview. 16th century BC - Events. 1700 – 1500 BC -- Hurrian conquests. 1600 BC* — Shang Dynasty of China established. 1595 BC - Sack of Babylon by the Hittite king Mursilis I. 1567 BC - Egypt: End of Fifteenth Dynasty, end of Sixteenth Dynasty, end of Seventeenth Dynasty, start of Eighteenth Dynasty. 1550s BC - The city of Mycenae, located in the northeast Peloponnesus, comes to dominate the rest of Achaea, g ...

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• 16th century BC - Overview
• 16th century BC - Events
• 16th century BC - Significant persons

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Egyptologists consider the Old Kingdom as beginning with the Third Dynasty, and around the time of the Fourth Dynasty, the art of embalming began. History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation. A cautionary note about embalming, mummification and preservation: To embalm and to mummify essentially mean the same thing. To embalm (from Latin in balsamum, meaning to "put into balsam," a mixture of aromatic resins) and the process of mummification are very similar in that corpses we ...

See also:

History of Ancient Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Egyptian chronology, History of Ancient Egypt - Protodynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Early Dynastic Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Old Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Embalming mummification and preservation, History of Ancient Egypt - Upper and Lower Egypt, History of Ancient Egypt - Pyramids, History of Ancient Egypt - First Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Middle Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Second Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom, History of Ancient Egypt - Eighteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - Nineteenth Dynasty, History of Ancient Egypt - New Kingdom mummies, History of Ancient Egypt - Third Intermediate Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Late Period, History of Ancient Egypt - Open problems

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Widely considered a military genius by historians, he was an active expansionist ruler, sometimes referred to as the Napoleon of Egypt, because he was recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule, conquering much of the Near East, from the Euphrates to Nubia. He was the first Pharaoh to cross the Euphrates, during his campaign against Mitanni. Thutmose III made a total of 17 known military campaigns. His most famous campaign was his first when he decisively defeated a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Kadesh a ...

See also:

Thutmose III, Thutmose III - Thutmose's military campaigns, Thutmose III - Controversy about relationship with Hatshepsut, Thutmose III - Death and burial, Thutmose III - Further readings

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The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the First and Second Dynasties List of pharaohs - Early dynastic: Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete: List of pharaohs - Early dynastic: Upper Egypt. Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence): ...

See also:

List of pharaohs, List of pharaohs - Archaic period, List of pharaohs - Early dynastic: Lower Egypt, List of pharaohs - Early dynastic: Upper Egypt, List of pharaohs - First Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Second Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Old Kingdom, List of pharaohs - Third Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Fourth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Fifth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Sixth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - First intermediate period, List of pharaohs - Seventh and Eighth Dynasties combined, List of pharaohs - Ninth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Tenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Eleventh Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Middle Kingdom, List of pharaohs - Twelfth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Second intermediate period, List of pharaohs - Thirteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Fourteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Fifteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Sixteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Seventeenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - New Kingdom, List of pharaohs - Eighteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Nineteenth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twentieth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - High Priests of Amun at Thebes, List of pharaohs - Twenty-first Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Third intermediate period, List of pharaohs - Twenty-second Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twenty-third Dynasty, List of pharaohs - The Libu, List of pharaohs - Twenty-fourth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Late period, List of pharaohs - Twenty-fifth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twenty-sixth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twenty-seventh Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twenty-eighth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Twenty-ninth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Thirtieth Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Thirty-first Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Argead Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Ptolemaic Dynasty, List of pharaohs - Rome

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Thebes Egypt - East Bank. Karnak Temple Luxor Temple Thebes Egypt - West Bank. Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Medinet Habu (mortuary temple of Ramesses III) The Ramesseum (mortuary temple of Ramesses II) Deir al-Madinah (workers' village) Tombs of the Nobles Deir el-Bahri (temples of Montuhotep II, Hatshepsut, etc.) Malkata (palace of Amenhotep III) ...

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Thebes Egypt, Thebes Egypt - Major archaeological sites in Thebes, Thebes Egypt - East Bank, Thebes Egypt - West Bank, Thebes Egypt - Sources

Read more here: » Thebes Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Thebes Egypt - Major archaeological sites in Thebes

Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II. The war against the Hyksos began in the closing years of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes. Later New Kingdom literary tradition has brought one of these Theban kings, Seqenenra Tao (II), into contact with his Hyksos contemporary in the north, Aauserra Apopi. Seqenenra is the father of the ruler above whose advisors counselled against disturbing the accommodation that had been reached with the Asiatics. The tradition took the form of a tale in which the Hyksos king Apopi sent a me ...

See also:

Hyksos, Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?, Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?, Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule, Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive, Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II, Hyksos - Under Kamose, Hyksos - Under Ahmose, Hyksos - Summary

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Archeological evidence indicates that humans arrived on New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago, probably by sea from Southeast Asia during an ice age period when the sea was lower and distances between islands shorter. (See History of Papua New Guinea.) The ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. Evidence from ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians already knew how to assemble planks of wood into a watertight hull, using treenails to fasten them toge ...

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Shipbuilding, Shipbuilding - History, Shipbuilding - Shipwrights in England, Shipbuilding - Modern shipbuilding

Read more here: » Shipbuilding: Encyclopedia II - Shipbuilding - History

The site has been occupied since the Neolithic period, with pottery finds from ca. 3000 BC and tombs from ca. 2300 BC (Early Bronze Age). The city is mentioned in documents found in the Ebla archives of the 3rd millennium BC. According to documents from the archives of Mari and Alalakh, dated from ca. 1800 BC, Carchemish was then ruled by a king named Aplahanda, and an important center of timber trade. It had treaty relationships with Ugarit and Mitanni (Hanilgalbat). Pharaoh Thutmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty erected a stela near Carchemish to celebrate his conquest of Syria ...

See also:

Carchemish, Carchemish - The site, Carchemish - History, Carchemish - Rediscovery and exploration, Carchemish - Kings of Carchemish, Carchemish - Books

Read more here: » Carchemish: Encyclopedia II - Carchemish - History

The decoration of tombs of non-Royals is quite different from previous eras, with not many agricultural scenes, and the image of the king being central, rather than that of the actual owner of the tomb. Obviously, the lack of depiction of gods other than the Aten makes the style of decoration quite different from the standard tomb decoration. ...

See also:

Amarna art, Amarna art - Royalty, Amarna art - Tombs, Amarna art - Sculpture, Amarna art - Architecture

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The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his new religion of worship to the Aten. Construction started in year 4 of his reign (1364 BC or 1346 BC) and was probably completed by year 9 (1359 BC or 1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. It is the only ancient Egyptian city for which we have great details of its internal plan, in large part because the city was abandoned shortly after the death of Akhenaten, and remained uninhabited thereafter. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how represent ...

See also:

Amarna, Amarna - The city of Akhetaten, Amarna - Chronology of investigation

Read more here: » Amarna: Encyclopedia II - Amarna - The city of Akhetaten

The king of Egypt wore a double crown, created from the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. It was adorned by a uraeus, which was doubled under the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no actual ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regal items as his crook and flail, but did not contain a crown. Crowns were assumed to have magical properties, and Brier's speculation is there were items a dead pharaoh could not take with him and, therefore, h ...

See also:

Pharaoh, Pharaoh - Etymology, Pharaoh - Open problems, Pharaoh - Regalia and titles, Pharaoh - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pharaoh: Encyclopedia II - Pharaoh - Regalia and titles

See also:

Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth dynasty timeline

Read more here: » Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt - Nineteenth dynasty timeline