Barbarian comes from the ancient Greek word βάρβαρος (barbaros) which meant a non-Greek, someone whose (first) language was not Greek. The word is imitative, the "bar-bar" representing the impression of random hubbub produced by hearing spoken a language that one cannot understand. Originally the term is empty of content beyond 'not Greek'. The Greeks encountered scores of different foreign cultures, including the Egyptians, Persians, Phoenicians, Etruscans, Romans, Carthaginians, Kurdish, Basques, ...

Including:

• Barbarian - Greek origins of the term
• Barbarian - Hellenic stereotype
• Barbarian - Later developments other cultures
• Barbarian - A functional definition
• Barbarian - Romantic and post-Romantic barbarians
• Barbarian - Compare

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Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC - 201 BC - 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC 196 BC Events Philip V of Macedon is defeated at sea by the Egyptians, Rhodians, and Pergamese in the Battle of Chios. In Rome, according to Livy, land was distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War, in the first instance of a practice that later became commonplace. Construction of Nanchang started.

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Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Astarte | Ba'al | Berith | Dagon | El | Elyon | Elohim | Hadad | Mot | Salem | Shaddai | Yaw Adonai | El | Elohim | Elyon | Shaddai | Shekinah | YHWH Adad | Amurru | An/Anu | Anshar | Asshur | Abzu/Apsu | Enki/Ea | Enlil | Ereshkigal | Inanna/Ishtar | Kingu | Kishar | Lahmu & Lahamu | Marduk | Mummu | Nabu | Nammu | Nanna/Sin | Nergal | Nin ...

Including:

• Astarte - General discussion
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Ugarit
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Egypt
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart described by Sanchuniathon
• Astarte - ‘Ashtart in Judea
• Astarte - Other associations

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Ocean exploration - Early exploration. 4500 B.C. Around this time, coastal cultures like those in Greece and China began diving into the sea as a source of food gathering, commerce, and possibly even warfare. 4000 Egyptians developed sailing vessels, whitch were probably used only in the eastern Mediterranean near the mouth of the Nile River. 4000 B.C. - 1000 A.D. Polynesian colonization of South Pacific Islands. 1800 Basic measuring of the depths is done in Egypt. 600 Ph ...

See also:

Ocean exploration, Ocean exploration - Timeline of ocean exploration, Ocean exploration - Early exploration, Ocean exploration - Age of Exploration begins, Ocean exploration - Sources

Read more here: » Ocean exploration: Encyclopedia II - Ocean exploration - Timeline of ocean exploration

Although the Phoenicians used cuneiform (Mesopotamian writing) in what we call Ugaritic, they also produced a script of their own. The Phoenician alphabetic script of 22 letters was used at Byblos as early as the 15th century B.C. This method of writing, later adopted by the Greeks, is the ancestor of the modern Roman alphabet. It was the Phoenicians' most remarkable and distinctive contribution to civilization. Among segmental scripts (that is, scripts that use a separate glyph for each phoneme, commonly called "alphabets"), one may disting ...

See also:

Alphabet, Alphabet - Types, Alphabet - Spelling, Alphabet - Collation, Alphabet - The Alphabet effect

Read more here: » Alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Alphabet - Types

Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Kissing under mistletoe. Another aspect of Christmas that receives much criticism is its traditions. Traditions such as kissing under mistletoe are very popular, but have no Biblical reference at all. Once more, this tradition has its roots entwined in pagan beliefs. Bill McLain wrote in his book, “There are many legends about mistletoe. One Scandinavian legend states that Loki, the god of mischief, killed Baldur, the god of peace, by shooting him with an arrow made from mi ...

See also:

Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Jesus' birth, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Why do people celebrate Jesus' birth on December 25?, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Traditions, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Kissing under mistletoe, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - The Christmas tree, Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Bibliography

Read more here: » Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas: Encyclopedia II - Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas - Traditions

The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics. The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing mercury. "In the 1800s, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup impolite. It was viewed as vulgar and something that was worn by actors and prostitutes." [1] By World War II, cosmetics had common application in the West (although banned in Nazi Germany). Other notable events in cosmetics history are detailed in the external link belo ...

See also:

Cosmetics, Cosmetics - History, Cosmetics - Purpose, Cosmetics - Types of cosmetics, Cosmetics - Ingredients

Read more here: » Cosmetics: Encyclopedia II - Cosmetics - History

During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength, low permeability to ingress of moisture, and chemical and volume stability. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength (about 10% of the compressive strength). As a result, concrete always fails from tensile stresses - even when loaded in compression. The practical implication of these facts is that concrete elements that are subjected to tensile stresses must ...

See also:

Concrete, Concrete - History, Concrete - Characteristics, Concrete - Cracking, Concrete - Additives, Concrete - Workability, Concrete - Self compacting concretes, Concrete - Shotcrete / sprayed concrete, Concrete - External link

Read more here: » Concrete: Encyclopedia II - Concrete - Characteristics

The land that became Jordan forms part of the history-rich Fertile Crescent region. Its known history began around 2000 B.C., when Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jerusalem ...

See also:

Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - History

Main articles: Music of Italy, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Culture of Italy, Culture of Italy - Name, Culture of Italy - Food, Culture of Italy - Sports, Culture of Italy - Education, Culture of Italy - Languages of Italy, Culture of Italy - Religion in Italy, Culture of Italy - Islam in Italy, Culture of Italy - Art, Culture of Italy - Italian cinema and theatre, Culture of Italy - Architecture, Culture of Italy - Music of Italy, Culture of Italy - Chant, Culture of Italy - Italian hip hop, Culture of Italy - Music of Central Italy, Culture of Italy - Music of Genoa and Northern Italy, Culture of Italy - Music of Naples, Culture of Italy - Music of Sardinia, Culture of Italy - Music of Sicily

Read more here: » Culture of Italy: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Italy - Music of Italy

While extraordinary rendition was originally developed by the CIA, the Justice Department and the Defense Department also do renditions. Initially, the procedure was applied primarily to individuals for whom there were outstanding arrest warrants. After the 9/11 attacks the program appears to have been expanded and some believe it now encompasses individuals for whom there are but vague suspicions. Critics charge that the program has "spun out of control", and has been used against large numbers of individuals. In a lengthy investigative rep ...

See also:

Extraordinary rendition, Extraordinary rendition - Ownership of aircraft, Extraordinary rendition - 1990s, Extraordinary rendition - Examples, Extraordinary rendition - Post 9/11, Extraordinary rendition - Examples, Extraordinary rendition - Treaty obligations, Extraordinary rendition - Other countries, Extraordinary rendition - Reference, Extraordinary rendition - Notes

Read more here: » Extraordinary rendition: Encyclopedia II - Extraordinary rendition - Post 9/11

State of emergency - Canada. The federal government of Canada can use the Emergencies Act to invoke a state of emergency. A national state of emergency automatically expires after 90 days. The Emergencies Act replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. The War Measures Act has been invoked three times in Canadian history, most controversially during the FLQ Crisis. A state of emergency can also be declared by provincial, territorial, and ...

See also:

State of emergency, State of emergency - Use and Viewpoints, State of emergency - State of Emergency Law in Selected Countries, State of emergency - Canada, State of emergency - Egypt, State of emergency - France, State of emergency - Germany, State of emergency - Hungary, State of emergency - India, State of emergency - Spain, State of emergency - United Kingdom, State of emergency - United States, State of emergency - Examples, State of emergency - Ongoing, State of emergency - Past States of Emergency

Read more here: » State of emergency: Encyclopedia II - State of emergency - State of Emergency Law in Selected Countries

The site has been occupied since the Neolithic period, with pottery finds from ca. 3000 BC and tombs from ca. 2300 BC (Early Bronze Age). The city is mentioned in documents found in the Ebla archives of the 3rd millennium BC. According to documents from the archives of Mari and Alalakh, dated from ca. 1800 BC, Carchemish was then ruled by a king named Aplahanda, and an important center of timber trade. It had treaty relationships with Ugarit and Mitanni (Hanilgalbat). Pharaoh Thutmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty erected a stela near Carchemish to celebrate his conquest of Syria ...

See also:

Carchemish, Carchemish - The site, Carchemish - History, Carchemish - Rediscovery and exploration, Carchemish - Kings of Carchemish, Carchemish - Books

Read more here: » Carchemish: Encyclopedia II - Carchemish - History

Some knowledge of Buddhism existed quite early in the West. In the 2nd century CE, Clement of Alexandria, the father of Christian dogmatism, wrote about the Buddha: "Among the Indians are those philosophers also who follow the precepts of Boutta, whom they honour as a god on account of his extraordinary sanctity." (Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV ...

See also:

Buddhism and the Roman world, Buddhism and the Roman world - Pandion embassy, Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Buddhism and Gnosticism, Buddhism and the Roman world - Notes

Read more here: » Buddhism and the Roman world: Encyclopedia II - Buddhism and the Roman world - Western knowledge of Buddhism

Arriving at Antioch from the west, visitors can see the Fortifications and structures of various periods. Architectural fragments of the City Gate by the main street are awaiting re-erection. The road through the gate passes the ruins of the Waterfall and turns to the right at the beginning of the Decumanus Maximus, which has been excavated recently. In this street, one can see the damaged drainage system and wear from the wheels of vehicles, and after passing the Theatre, one turns left i ...

See also:

Antioch Pisidia, Antioch Pisidia - Geography, Antioch Pisidia - History of Antioch, Antioch Pisidia - Prehistory, Antioch Pisidia - Hellenistic age, Antioch Pisidia - Roman period, Antioch Pisidia - Early Christian-Byzantine period, Antioch Pisidia - Archaeology, Antioch Pisidia - Acropolis and fortifications, Antioch Pisidia - City plan, Antioch Pisidia - Tour of Antioch, Antioch Pisidia - City gate, Antioch Pisidia - The waterfall, Antioch Pisidia - The theatre, Antioch Pisidia - Central church, Antioch Pisidia - Tiberia platea-Tiberius square, Antioch Pisidia - Propylon, Antioch Pisidia - Augusteum imperial sanctuary, Antioch Pisidia - Nympheum and water supply system, Antioch Pisidia - The bath, Antioch Pisidia - Stadium, Antioch Pisidia - The great basilica, Antioch Pisidia - The sanctuary of Men Askaenos, Antioch Pisidia - Yalvaç museum, Antioch Pisidia - The Pre-History Hall, Antioch Pisidia - The Classical Hall, Antioch Pisidia - Ethnographic Hall, Antioch Pisidia - The Garden

Read more here: » Antioch Pisidia: Encyclopedia II - Antioch Pisidia - Tour of Antioch

The reign of Justinian I, which began in 527, saw a period of extensive imperial conquests of former Roman territories (indicated in green on the map below). The 6th century also saw the beginning of a long series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire's traditional early enemies, such as the Sassanid Persians, Slavs and Bulgars. Theological crises, such as the question of Monophysitism, also dominated the empire. Justinian I had perhaps already exerted effective control during the reign of his predecessor, Justin I (518–527). Justi ...

See also:

Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness, Byzantine Empire - Origin, Byzantine Empire - Early history, Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I, Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival, Byzantine Empire - Golden era, Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the crusaders, Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline, Byzantine Empire - Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance, Byzantine Empire - Economy, Byzantine Empire - Science, Byzantine Empire - Religion, Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I

Jewish bereavement - Yahrzeit. Yahrzeit or Yohr Tzeit, יארצייט, means "Time (of) Year" in Yiddish. The word is also used by non-Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, and refers to the annual anniversary of the day of death of a relative. Yahrzeit comes from the German word Jahreszeit (meaning "time of year"). The commemoration is known in Ladino as nohala. It is widely observed, and based on the Jewish tradition that mourners are required to commemorate the death of a relative ...

See also:

Jewish bereavement, Jewish bereavement - Death and dying, Jewish bereavement - Death bed, Jewish bereavement - When a person is defined as dead, Jewish bereavement - Afterlife, Jewish bereavement - Preparing the body, Jewish bereavement - Vigil, Jewish bereavement - Funeral service, Jewish bereavement - Burial, Jewish bereavement - Jewish view of cremation, Jewish bereavement - Community, Jewish bereavement - Chevra kadisha, Jewish bereavement - Zihuy Korbanot Asson ZAKA, Jewish bereavement - Mourning, Jewish bereavement - Five stages, Jewish bereavement - Unveiling, Jewish bereavement - Visiting the gravesite, Jewish bereavement - Memorial through prayer, Jewish bereavement - Mourner's Kaddish, Jewish bereavement - Yizkor, Jewish bereavement - Av HaRachamim, Jewish bereavement - Days of memorial, Jewish bereavement - Yahrzeit, Jewish bereavement - Yom Ha'Shoah, Jewish bereavement - Yom Hazikaron, Jewish bereavement - Tisha B'Av, Jewish bereavement - Fast of the First Born, Jewish bereavement - General, Jewish bereavement - Jewish concepts and topics, Jewish bereavement - Jewish ritual, Jewish bereavement - Jewish organisations, Jewish bereavement - Jewish memorial days

Read more here: » Jewish bereavement: Encyclopedia II - Jewish bereavement - Days of memorial

In many ways, ferrets act like kittens that never grow up. They have energy, curiosity, and potential for chaos all their lives, and are always keenly aware of their surroundings. However, they are far more people-oriented than cats, and most actively elicit play with their owners. As a pet, ferrets rank third in the U.S., behind dogs and cats. Ferrets are sometimes accused of being dangerous to small children, but this claim is false -- proportionally, ferrets do much less harm to children than dogs or cats. Their lifespan can vary widely, but most often falls between six and eight years. See also:

Ferret, Ferret - History, Ferret - Ferreting, Ferret - Ferrets as pets, Ferret - Dangers to ferrets, Ferret - Diet, Ferret - Activity, Ferret - Play, Ferret - Ferrets and children, Ferret - Social nature, Ferret - Grooming and care, Ferret - Travel with ferrets, Ferret - Other uses of ferrets, Ferret - Ferret biology, Ferret - Adrenal disease, Ferret - Insulinoma, Ferret - Viral diseases, Ferret - Waardenburg Syndrome, Ferret - Terminology and Coloring, Ferret - Ferrets as pests, Ferret - Ferrets in literature and the media, Ferret - Legality, Ferret - Australia, Ferret - Canada, Ferret - New Zealand, Ferret - Poland, Ferret - United States, Ferret - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Ferret: Encyclopedia II - Ferret - Ferrets as pets

There are many permanent exhibits located at the Field Museum for the public to enjoy. Many animal specimens are on display in the Nature Walk, Mammals of Asia, Mammals of Africa, and several other exhibits. Visitors can get an up close look at the different habitats that hundreds of animals live in. The Grainger Hall of Gems features a large collection of diamonds and gems from around the world, even a Tiffany stained glass window. The Hall of Jades f ...

See also:

Field Museum of Natural History, Field Museum of Natural History - Sue the Dinosaur, Field Museum of Natural History - Research and Education, Field Museum of Natural History - Permanent Exhibits, Field Museum of Natural History - Temporary Exhibits, Field Museum of Natural History - Upcoming Exhibits

Read more here: » Field Museum of Natural History: Encyclopedia II - Field Museum of Natural History - Permanent Exhibits

The number three was the symbol of holiness. The Holy of Holies occupied one-third, and the Holy Place two-thirds, of the entire Temple. The tapestries were ten times three ells in length, and there were three vessels each for the altar of burnt offering, the altar of incense, and the Ark. The candlestick had twice three arms (besides the shaft, which also held a lamp), and each arm had three knobs. The blessing of the priest consisted of three sections (Num. vi. 24, 25) ...

See also:

Jewish symbolism, Jewish symbolism - Shabbat and circumcision, Jewish symbolism - The Tabernacle, Jewish symbolism - The Temple, Jewish symbolism - The Holy of Holies, Jewish symbolism - The sacrifices, Jewish symbolism - The priests, Jewish symbolism - The symbolic values of numbers, Jewish symbolism - Metals and minerals, Jewish symbolism - Colors, Jewish symbolism - Festivals and holy days, Jewish symbolism - Symbolic visions of the Prophets, Jewish symbolism - The Star of David, Jewish symbolism - On tombstones, Jewish symbolism - Influence on Christian symbols, Jewish symbolism - The land of Zion, Jewish symbolism - Lions of Judah

Read more here: » Jewish symbolism: Encyclopedia II - Jewish symbolism - The symbolic values of numbers

Ancient history - Prehistory. c. 60th millennium BC - Modern humans migrate out of Africa and begin spreading across Asia c. 40th millennium BC - Australia first reached by modern humans c. 35th millennium BC - Europe first reached by modern humans 14th to 10th millennium BC - Americas first reached by humans 10th millennium BC - Invention of agriculture is the earliest given date for the beginning of Ancient Era 5th millennium BC - Possible invention of writing, ...

See also:

Ancient history, Ancient history - The study of ancient history, Ancient history - Archaeology, Ancient history - Primary sources, Ancient history - Chronology, Ancient history - Prehistory, Ancient history - Important events, Ancient history - End of ancient history in Europe, Ancient history - Some prominent civilizations of ancient history, Ancient history - Europe and the Mediterranean, Ancient history - East Asia, Ancient history - Central and Southwest Asia, Ancient history - Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa, Ancient history - The Americas, Ancient history - References and further reading

Read more here: » Ancient history: Encyclopedia II - Ancient history - Chronology

Mapmaking involves advanced skills and attitudes, particularly the use of symbols to represent certain geographic phenomena, as well as the ability to visualize the world in an abstract and scaled down form. Maps have been an integral part of the human story for long time (maybe 8,000 years - nobody knows exactly, but longer than a written words). From cave/wall partings, ancient maps of Babylon and Greek philosophers, through the Age of Exploration, and on into the 21st century, people have created and used maps as the essential tool ...

See also:

Cartography, Cartography - History, Cartography - Technological changes, Cartography - Map types, Cartography - Naming conventions

Read more here: » Cartography: Encyclopedia II - Cartography - History