CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras, optical scanners and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly respond to 70% of the incident light (meaning a quantum efficiency of about 70%) making them more efficient than photographic film, which captures only about 2% of the incident light. As a result CCDs were rapidly adopted by astronomers. An image is projected by a lens on the capacitor array, causing each capacitor to accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at that location. ...

See also:

Charge-coupled device, Charge-coupled device - History, Charge-coupled device - Applications, Charge-coupled device - Color cameras, Charge-coupled device - Competing technologies

Read more here: » Charge-coupled device: Encyclopedia II - Charge-coupled device - Applications

Supply-side economics holds that increased taxation steadily reduces economic trade between economic participants within a nation and that it discourages investment. Taxes act as a type of trade barrier or tariff that causes economic participants to revert to less efficient means of satisfying their needs. As such higher taxation leads to lower levels of specialization and lower economic efficiency. The idea is said to be illus ...

See also:

Supply-side economics, Supply-side economics - Historical origins, Supply-side economics - Fiscal policy theory, Supply-side economics - Monetary policy theory, Supply-side economics - U.S. monetary and fiscal experience, Supply-side economics - Supply-side economics in popular culture

Read more here: » Supply-side economics: Encyclopedia II - Supply-side economics - Fiscal policy theory

One should note that since the exhaust gas already has reduced oxygen due to previous combustion, and since the fuel is not burning in a highly compressed air column, it is fairly inefficient compared with that of the main combustor. Afterburner efficiency also declines significantly as the tailpipe pressure decreases with increasing altitude. Afterburners do, however, produce markedly enhanced thrust as well as (typically) a very large, impressive flame at the back of the engine. This exhaust flame may show shock-diamonds, which are caused by shock waves being formed due to the turbulent exhaust stream being eject ...

See also:

Afterburner engine, Afterburner engine - Design, Afterburner engine - Limitations, Afterburner engine - Efficiency, Afterburner engine - Influence on cycle choice, Afterburner engine - Usage

Read more here: » Afterburner engine: Encyclopedia II - Afterburner engine - Efficiency

Monopoly - Primary characteristics of a monopoly. Single Seller A pure monopoly is an industry in which a single firm is the sole producer of a good or the sole provider of a service. This is usually caused by a blocked entry. No Close Substitutes The product or service is unique in ways which go beyond brand identity, and cannot be easily replaced (a monopoly on water from a certain spring, sold under a certain brand name, is not a true mon ...

See also:

Monopoly, Monopoly - Forms of monopoly, Monopoly - Legal monopoly, Monopoly - Efficiency monopoly, Monopoly - Natural monopoly, Monopoly - Local monopoly, Monopoly - Monopolistic competition, Monopoly - Coercive monopoly, Monopoly - Economic analysis, Monopoly - Primary characteristics of a monopoly, Monopoly - Monopolistic pricing, Monopoly - Monopoly and efficiency, Monopoly - Historical examples, Monopoly - Salt

Read more here: » Monopoly: Encyclopedia II - Monopoly - Economic analysis

Around 200 mutations of the human glucokinase gene GCK have been discovered that can change the efficiency of glucose binding and phosphorylation, increasing or decreasing the sensitivity of beta cell insulin secretion in response to glucose, and producing clinically significant hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Glucokinase - Loss of function mutations cause diabetes. Over 190 of these mutations reduce the functional efficiency of the glucokinase molecule. Heterozygosity for alleles with reduced enzyme ...

See also:

Glucokinase, Glucokinase - Substrates and products of GK: glucose is the important substrate, Glucokinase - Terminology: physiologists and physicians prefer glucokinase, Glucokinase - Characteristics of the glucokinase molecule: a monomer with an actin fold, Glucokinase - Kinetic and functional properties of GK: low glucose affinity but uninhibited, Glucokinase - Molecular mechanism of catalysis: critically dependent on sulfhydryl groups, Glucokinase - Genetic aspects of GK: one gene but two promoters, Glucokinase - Tissue distribution of GK: key locations for carbohydrate metabolism, Glucokinase - Function and regulation of GK in the liver: initiator of glycogen synthesis, Glucokinase - Rapid regulation of GK activity in hepatocytes, Glucokinase - Transcriptional regulation of GK in hepatocytes, Glucokinase - Hormonal and dietary regulation of glucokinase in hepatocytes, Glucokinase - Function and regulation in pancreas and other neuroendocrine tissue, Glucokinase - GK in beta cells: a signal for insulin, Glucokinase - GK in alpha cells: suppression of glucagon?, Glucokinase - GK in the brain: glucose sensing in the hypothalamus, Glucokinase - GK in enterocytes: subserving incretin?, Glucokinase - Effects of disease on glucokinase activity, Glucokinase - Diseases caused by glucokinase mutations, Glucokinase - Loss of function mutations cause diabetes, Glucokinase - Gain of function mutations cause hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Glucokinase - Glucokinase as a drug target, Glucokinase - Comparative biology

Read more here: » Glucokinase: Encyclopedia II - Glucokinase - Diseases caused by glucokinase mutations

Of central interest with respect to chemical properties of mushrooms is the fact that many species produce secondary metabolites that render them toxic, mind-altering, or even bioluminescent. Toxicity likely plays a role in protecting the function of the basidiocarp: the mycelium has expended considerable energy and protoplasmic material to develop a structure to efficiently distribute its spores. One defense against consumption and premature destruction is the evolution of chemicals that render the mushroom inedible, either causing the consumer to regurgitate (see emetics) the meal or avoid ...

See also:

Mushroom, Mushroom - Types of mushrooms, Mushroom - Mushroom structure, Mushroom - Chemical properties

Read more here: » Mushroom: Encyclopedia II - Mushroom - Chemical properties

A few chokeholds (such as one version of Judo's hadaka jime) work by constricting the opponent's trachea, which restricts the air supply and causes pain and possibly physical damage but may not result in unconsciousness quickly. The more efficient chokeholds, the "blood chokes", do not attempt to cut off the opponent's air supply; rather, they work by cutting off the blood supply to the brain by compress ...

See also:

Chokehold, Chokehold - Anatomy of a chokehold, Chokehold - Types of chokeholds, Chokehold - Notes

Read more here: » Chokehold: Encyclopedia II - Chokehold - Anatomy of a chokehold

Gongsun Kang, a warlord in Liaodong, separated the southern half from the Lelang commandery and established the Daifang commandery in 204 to make administration more efficient. He controlled southern natives with Daifang instead of Lelang. In 236 under the order of Ming Di of Kingdom of Wei, Sima Yi conquered the Gongsun family and annexed Liaodong, Lelang and Daifang to Wei. A dispute over the control of southern natives caused their revolt. The armie ...

See also:

Daifang Commandery, Daifang Commandery - History, Daifang Commandery - Area

Read more here: » Daifang Commandery: Encyclopedia II - Daifang Commandery - History

Philo's conception of the matter out of which the world was created is similar to that of Plato and the Stoics. According to him, God does not create the world-stuff, but finds it ready at hand. God cannot create it, as in its nature it resists all contact with the divine. Sometimes, following the Stoics, he designates God as "the efficient cause,"and matter as "the affected cause." He seems to have found this conception in the Bible (Gen. i. 2) in the image of the spirit of God hovering over the waters ( ...

See also:

Philo, Philo - Biography, Philo - Influence of Hellenism, Philo - Knowledge of Hebrew, Philo - Exegesis, Philo - Stoic influence, Philo - Attitude toward literal meaning, Philo - Numbers, Philo - Cosmology, Philo - Anthropology, Philo - Ethics, Philo - Views on virtue

Read more here: » Philo: Encyclopedia II - Philo - Cosmology

Supply-side economics holds that increased taxation steadily reduces economic trade between economic participants within a nation and that it discourages investment. Taxes act as a type of trade barrier or tariff that causes economic participants to revert to less efficient means of satisfying their needs. As such higher taxation leads to lower levels of specialization and lower economic efficiency. The idea is said to be illus ...

See also:

Supply-side economics, Supply-side economics - Historical origins, Supply-side economics - Marx and Smith, Supply-side economics - Supply-side vs. Monetarism, Supply-side economics - Reaganomics, Supply-side economics - Fiscal policy theory, Supply-side economics - Monetary policy theory, Supply-side economics - U.S. monetary and fiscal experience, Supply-side economics - Supply-side economics in popular culture

Read more here: » Supply-side economics: Encyclopedia II - Supply-side economics - Fiscal policy theory

A corporation which successfully engages in coercion to the extent that it eliminates the possibility of competition, it operates a coercive monopoly. A firm may use illegal or non-economic methods, such as extortion, to achieve and retain a coercive monopoly position. A company which has become the sole supplier of a commodity through non-coercive means (such as by simply outcompeting all other firms), may theoretically then go on to become a coercive monopoly if it maintains its position by engaging in coercive "barriers to entry." The mos ...

See also:

Coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Establishing a coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Political Debates, Coercive monopoly - Footnotes

Read more here: » Coercive monopoly: Encyclopedia II - Coercive monopoly - Establishing a coercive monopoly

In ordinary language, to call something "coercive" usually implies a condemnation of it. But it should be remembered that "coercive monopoly" is a term that admits of a technical economic definition, and describes a particular form of monopoly without necessarily making any claims about whether such a monopoly should or should not exist. Thus, there are at least two distinct questions involved in political debates over what are claimed to be coercive monopolies: Whether the methods through which a particular monopoly is establis ...

See also:

Coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Establishing a coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Political Debates, Coercive monopoly - Footnotes

Read more here: » Coercive monopoly: Encyclopedia II - Coercive monopoly - Political Debates

1. Lysander Spooner started the commercially successful American Letter Mail Company in order to compete with the United States Post Office by providing lower rates. He was successfully challenged by the U.S. government and exhausted his resources trying to defend what he believed to be his right to compete. 2. For about six months, Thomas Gibbons and Cornelius Vanderbilt, operated a steamboat with lower fares in defiance of the law. Gibbons took his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. His case was successful. The Court ruled that the government-granted monopoly was an unconstitutional violation of interstate commerce. ...

See also:

Coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Establishing a coercive monopoly, Coercive monopoly - Political Debates, Coercive monopoly - Footnotes

Read more here: » Coercive monopoly: Encyclopedia II - Coercive monopoly - Footnotes

Hypoglycemia is also a term of contemporary American folk medicine which refers to a recurrent state of symptoms of altered mood and cognitive efficiency, sometimes accompanied by adrenergic symptoms, but not necessarily by measured low blood glucose. Symptoms are primarily those of altered mood, behavior, and mental efficiency. This condition is usually treated by dietary changes which range from simple to elaborate. This condition therefore overlaps with the definition and forms of hypoglycemia described ...

See also:

Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Defining hypoglycemia: what's normal and what's low?, Hypoglycemia - Measurement method: different methods can yield different values, Hypoglycemia - Age differences: normal glucose levels vary by age, Hypoglycemia - Presence or absence of effects: are symptoms more important than the number?, Hypoglycemia - Purpose of definition: different levels are used for different purposes, Hypoglycemia - Pathophysiology: why low blood sugar primarily affects the brain, Hypoglycemia - Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Adrenergic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Glucagon Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Neuroglycopenic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Determining the cause, Hypoglycemia - The circumstances of hypoglycemia provide most of the clues to diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - In less obvious cases a critical sample may provide the diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - Further diagnostic steps depend on the initial evidence, Hypoglycemia - Causes of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in newborn infants, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in young children, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older children and young adults, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older adults, Hypoglycemia - Treatment and prevention, Hypoglycemia - Reversing acute hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Preventing further episodes, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia as American folk medicine

Read more here: » Hypoglycemia: Encyclopedia II - Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia as American folk medicine

Philo quotes the epic poets with frequency, or alludes to passages in their works. He has a wide acquaintance with the works of the Greek philosophers. He holds that the highest perception of truth is possible only after a study of the encyclopedic sciences. The dualistic contrast between God and the world, between the finite and the infinite, appears in both Platonism and in Neo-Pythagorism. The influence of Stoicism is unmistakable in the doctrine of God as the only efficient cause, in that of divine reason immanent in the world, in that of the powers emanating from God and suffusing the world. In the doctrine of the Logos ...

See also:

Philo, Philo - Biography, Philo - Influence of Hellenism, Philo - Knowledge of Hebrew, Philo - Exegesis, Philo - Stoic influence, Philo - Attitude toward literal meaning, Philo - Numbers, Philo - Cosmology, Philo - Anthropology, Philo - Ethics, Philo - Views on virtue

Read more here: » Philo: Encyclopedia II - Philo - Influence of Hellenism

Cardiac Arrest is defined as a heartbeat which does not result in efficient pumping of blood. In many cases, lack of carotid pulse is the gold-standard for diagnosing cardiac arrest, but pulselessness (particularly in the peripheral pulses) may be a result of other conditions. In a hospital or ambulance, cardiac arrest is identified by the lack of a pulse (or lack of heartbeat if listened to through a steth ...

See also:

Cardiac arrest, Cardiac arrest - Etiology, Cardiac arrest - Treatable causes, Cardiac arrest - Diagnosis, Cardiac arrest - Treatment, Cardiac arrest - First aid, Cardiac arrest - Other prehospital care, Cardiac arrest - Hospital treatment, Cardiac arrest - Ethical Issues

Read more here: » Cardiac arrest: Encyclopedia II - Cardiac arrest - Diagnosis

The Carnot cycle when acting as a heat engine consists of the following steps: Reversible isothermal expansion of the gas at the "hot" temperature, TH( Isothermal heat addition ). During this step (A to B on diagram) the expanding gas causes the piston to do work on the surroundings. The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of heat from the high temperature reservoir. Reversible adiabatic expansion of the gas. For this step (B to C on diagram) we assume the piston and cy ...

See also:

Carnot heat engine, Carnot heat engine - The Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engine - Properties and significance, Carnot heat engine - The temperature-entropy diagram, Carnot heat engine - The Carnot cycle, Carnot heat engine - Carnot's theorem, Carnot heat engine - Efficiency of real heat engines

Read more here: » Carnot heat engine: Encyclopedia II - Carnot heat engine - The Carnot cycle

Nimitta (Sanskrit) In Vedanta philosophy, the spiritual or efficient cause as contrasted with upadana, the physical, material, or instrumental operative cause. Brahma is shown to be the nimitta of manvantaric manifestation.

(See also: Nimitta, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

The Japanese combined fleet and the Russian Baltic Fleet, sent over from Europe, fought in the straits between Korea and Japan near the Tsushima Island group. Earlier, the Russian Pacific Fleet had been destroyed at the Battle of Shantung on 10 August 1904. The Baltic Fleet sailed through the North Sea, caused a diplomatic incident off Dogger Bank when they attacked the British fishing fleet there, and then proceeded around Africa and touched port in Indochina. The voyage was long and the crews grew less efficient and discontented. The Russi ...

See also:

Battle of Tsushima, Battle of Tsushima - Overview, Battle of Tsushima - Naval tactics

Read more here: » Battle of Tsushima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Tsushima - Overview

Examples. One widespread use of biofuels is in home cooking and heating. Typical fuels for this are wood, charcoal or dried dung. The biofuel may be burned on an open fireplace or in a special stove. The efficiency of this process may vary widely, from 10% for a well made fire (even less if the fire is not made carefully) up to 40% for a custom designed charcoal stove1. Inefficient use of fuel may be a minor cause of deforestation (though this is negligible compared to deliberate destruction to clear l ...

See also:

Biofuel, Biofuel - Classes of Biofuels, Biofuel - Solid, Biofuel - Liquid, Biofuel - Gaseous, Biofuel - Other, Biofuel - Energy content of Biofuel, Biofuel - Problems and solutions, Biofuel - International efforts

Read more here: » Biofuel: Encyclopedia II - Biofuel - Energy content of Biofuel

Arbitrage has the effect of causing prices in different markets to converge. As a result of arbitrage, the currency exchange rates, the price of commodities, and the price of securities in different markets tend to converge to the same prices, in all markets, in each category. The speed at which prices converge is a measure of market efficiency. Arbitrage tends to reduce price discrimination by encouraging people to buy an item where the price is low and resell it where the price is high, as long as the buyers are not prohibited from reselling and the transactions cost of buying, holding and reselling are small relative to the ...

See also:

Arbitrage, Arbitrage - Conditions for arbitrage, Arbitrage - Examples, Arbitrage - Price convergence, Arbitrage - Risks, Arbitrage - Merger arbitrage, Arbitrage - Convertible bond arbitrage, Arbitrage - Depositary receipts, Arbitrage - Regulatory arbitrage, Arbitrage - Long-Term Capital Management

Read more here: » Arbitrage: Encyclopedia II - Arbitrage - Price convergence