Effendi

Bey is the Turkish word for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled bey, beg or beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "leader." The regions or provinces where beys ruled or which they administered were called beylik, roughly meaning "emirate" or "principality" in the first case, "province" or "governorate" in the second. Bey - Turkish beys. Including:

• Bey - Turkish beys
• Bey - Beys elsewhere
• Bey - Sources and references

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Title - Current. Titles actually in use by Heads of State in the World today. Indovuzaki (Translates as Great She Elephant) Chairman (from which comes Vice Chairman) Colonel (from which comes Lieutenant Colonel) Pope (a linguistic feminine of this form might be Mome, but a woman as head of the Vatican seems a long way off) President (from which comes such titles as Deputy President, Executive Vice President, Lord President of the Council, ...

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Title, Title - Supernatural Titles, Title - Hypothetical Titles, Title - Titles for Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical Titles for Heads of State, Title - Fictional Titles for Heads of State, Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers, Title - Currently in Use, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Judicial Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Legislative Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Honorary Titles Granted From an Institution, Title - Honorary Titles Granted By One's Peers, Title - Honorary Titles Bestowed by Followers, Title - Sources

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The first three rulers of the young Ottoman state, which started out as one of a dozen Turkish beyliks into which Anatolia had been divided by the break up of the Seldjuk sultanate of Ikonion (Konya) and the military demise of the christian Byzantine empire, with its capital in Brussa, had been 1336 only annexed the beylik of Karasy, its western neighbour on the coast of the Sea of Marmara, were titled bey and not sultan. Murad I was granted the right to the designation "sultan" by the shadow caliph in Cairo in 1383, during a s ...

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Bey, Bey - Turkish beys, Bey - Beys elsewhere, Bey - Sources and references

Read more here: » Bey: Encyclopedia II - Bey - Turkish beys

...

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Title, Title - Titles of veneration, Title - Official titles, Title - Ruling, Title - Clerical, Title - Professional and academic titles, Title - Social titles

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With this document, which he appears to have accepted as an actual revelation, Sabbatai determined to choose Salonica, at that time a center of Kabbalists, as the field for his further operations. Here he boldly proclaimed himself the Messiah, gaining many adherents. In order to impress his Messiahship upon the minds of his enthusiastic friends he put on all sorts of mystical events — e.g., the celebration of his marriage as the “Son of God” (the Ein Sof) with the Torah, preparing for this performance a solemn festival to which ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica

Sabbatai's conversion was extremely disheartening for the Jewish communities. Prominent rabbis who were believers in and followers of Sabbatai were prostrated with shame. Among the masses of the people the greatest confusion reigned. In addition to the misery and disappointment from within, Muslims and Christians jeered at and scorned the credulous and duped Jews. The sultan even planned to exterminate all the adult Jews in his empire and to decree that all Jewish children should be brought up in Islam, also that fifty prominent rabbis shoul ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion

Although rather little is known about them, various groups called Donmeh (Turkish for “apostate”) continue to follow Sabbatai Zevi today. Estimates of the numbers vary, up to a maximum of 25,000, mostly in Turkey, with some in Greece. According to one source: “Although outwardly Muslims and, to a lesser extent, Christians, the Donmeh secretly continue to observe Jewish rituals (such as circumcision, but at the age of three rather than eight days), pray in Hebrew as well as Aramaic and Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish), and ha ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Title - Currently in Use. Abbess (the masculine equivalent is Abbott) Acolyte Admiral (from which come Grand Admiral, Hereditary Lord High Admiral, Rear Admiral, and Vice Admiral) Adjutant Agent Agister Almoner (from which comes High Almoner) Ambassador Attaché Awoamefia Baba Bishop (from which come Archbishop, Boy Bishop, Lord Archbishop, Metropolitan Bishop, and Prince Bishop) Brigadier Ca ...

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Title, Title - Supernatural Titles, Title - Hypothetical Titles, Title - Titles for Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical Titles for Heads of State, Title - Fictional Titles for Heads of State, Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers, Title - Currently in Use, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Judicial Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Legislative Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Honorary Titles Granted From an Institution, Title - Honorary Titles Granted By One's Peers, Title - Honorary Titles Bestowed by Followers, Title - Sources

Read more here: » Title: Encyclopedia II - Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers

Title - In Current Use. Alderman Councillor Delegate Member of Parliament (from which come Member of the European Parliament, Member of the Most Honorable the Privy Council, and Member of the Provincial Parliament) Representative Senator Speaker Title - Historical. Burgess ...

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Title, Title - Supernatural Titles, Title - Hypothetical Titles, Title - Titles for Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical Titles for Heads of State, Title - Fictional Titles for Heads of State, Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers, Title - Currently in Use, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Judicial Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Legislative Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Honorary Titles Granted From an Institution, Title - Honorary Titles Granted By One's Peers, Title - Honorary Titles Bestowed by Followers, Title - Sources

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Title - In Current Use. Advocate Bailiff Barrister Judge and Admiralty Judge Justice (from which come Chief Justice and Justice of the Peace) Magistrate and Promagistrate Mufti and Grand Mufti Queen's Counsel Solicitor Title - Historical. Lictor ReeveSee also:

Title, Title - Supernatural Titles, Title - Hypothetical Titles, Title - Titles for Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical Titles for Heads of State, Title - Fictional Titles for Heads of State, Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers, Title - Currently in Use, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Judicial Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Legislative Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Honorary Titles Granted From an Institution, Title - Honorary Titles Granted By One's Peers, Title - Honorary Titles Bestowed by Followers, Title - Sources

Read more here: » Title: Encyclopedia II - Title - Judicial Titles

After two months' imprisonment in Constantinople, Sabbatai was brought to the state prison in the castle of Abydos. Here he was treated very leniently, some of his friends even being allowed to accompany him. In consequence the Sabbataians called that fortress Migdal 'Oz ("Tower [of] Strength"). As the day on which he was brought to Abydos was the day preceding Passover, he slew a paschal lamb for himself and his followers and ate it with its fat, which was a violation of the Law. It is said that he pronounced over it the benediction: “Blessed ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz

Title - Current. Raja (Still officially retained by members of India's princely families, although without the former prerogatives. From this term comes Maharaja. The feminine equivalents are Rani and Maharani.) Consort (The husband of Britain's queen is known as the Prince Consort.) Queen's Body Guard and various other elite guard forces throughout the World Camarlengo Chamberlain (from which come the titles Grand Chamberlain, Lord Chamberlain, and Lord Great Chamberlain ...

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Title, Title - Supernatural Titles, Title - Hypothetical Titles, Title - Titles for Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical Titles for Heads of State, Title - Fictional Titles for Heads of State, Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State, Title - Current, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Executive Branch of Government and Other Sub-National Rulers, Title - Currently in Use, Title - Historical, Title - Fictional, Title - Judicial Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Legislative Titles, Title - In Current Use, Title - Historical, Title - Honorary Titles Granted From an Institution, Title - Honorary Titles Granted By One's Peers, Title - Honorary Titles Bestowed by Followers, Title - Sources

Read more here: » Title: Encyclopedia II - Title - Honorary Titles Granted by Heads of State

The joy of his followers knew no bounds. Sabbatai, assisted by his wife, now became the sole ruler of the community. In this capacity he used his power to crush all opposition. For instance, he deposed the old rabbi of Smyrna, Aaron Lapapa, and appointed in his place Hayyim Benveniste. His popularity grew with incredible rapidity, as not only Jews but Christians also spread his story far and wide. His fame extended to all countries. Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands had centers where the Messianic movement was ardently promulgated, and the ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah

In accordance with the prevailing custom of Jews, Sabbatai's father had him study Talmud. In his early youth he attended a yeshiva under the veteran rabbi of Smyrna, Joseph Escapa; studies in halakha did not appeal to him, but apparently he did attain proficiency in the Talmud. On the other hand, he was fascinated by mysticism and the Kabbalah, in the prevailing style of Isaac Luria. He found the practical Kabbalah, with its asceticism, and its mortification of the body – through which its devotees claimed to be able to communicate with God and the angels, to predict the future, and to per ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years

The bey title was maintained as a similar office within Arab states that broke away from the High Porte, such as Khedive Mehmet Ali's Egypt, where it was a rank below Pasha (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son. Other beys saw their own beylik promoted to statehood: in Qusantina (Constantine in French), an Ottoman district subject to Algiers since 1525 (under its own beys since 1567), the last incumbent, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif (b. c.1784, in office 1826 - 1848, d. 18 ...

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Bey, Bey - Turkish beys, Bey - Beys elsewhere, Bey - Sources and references

Read more here: » Bey: Encyclopedia II - Bey - Beys elsewhere

During the first half of the 17th century, millenarian ideas of the approach of the Messianic time, and more especially of the redemption of the Jews and their return to the land of Israel, with their own independent sovereignty were popular. The so-called apocalyptic year was identified by Christian authors as 1666. This belief was so dominant that Manasseh ben Israel in his letter to Oliver Cromwell and the Rump Parliament did not hesitate to use it as a motive for his plea for the readmission of the Jews into England, remarking: “the op ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism

Apart from this general Messianic theory, there was another computation, based on a presumably interpolated passage in the Zohar (a famous Jewish mystical text), and particularly popular among the Jews, according to which the year 1648 was to be the year of Israel's redemption by their long-awaited Jewish Messiah. All these things led Sabbatai to conceive a plan which was of grave consequence for the whole of Jewry, and whose effects are felt even to the present time: he deci ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship

The adherents of Sabbatai, probably with his consent, even planned to abolish to a great extent the ritualistic observances because, according to a tradition, in the Messianic time most of them were to lose their obligatory character. The first step toward the disintegration of traditional Judaism was the changing of the fast of the Tenth of Tevet to a day of feasting and rejoicing. Samuel Primo, a man who entered Sabbatai's service as secretary at the time when the latter left Jerusalem for Smyrna, directed in the name of the Messiah the fo ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence

Having Halabi's money, a charming wife, and many additional followers, Sabbatai triumphantly returned to Palestine. Passing through the city of Gaza, he met a man who was to become very active in his subsequent Messianic career. This was Nathan Benjamin Levi, known under the name of Nathan of Ghaza (Nathan Ghazzati). He became Sabbatai's right-hand man, and professed to be the risen Elijah, the precursor of the Messiah. In 1665, Ghazzati announced that the Messianic age was to begin in the following year. Sabbatai spread this announce ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza

At the beginning of the year 1666, Sabbatai again left Smyrna for Constantinople, either because he was compelled to do so by the city authorities or because of a hope that a miracle would happen in the Turkish capital to fulfil the prophecy of Nathan Ghazzati that Sabbatai would place the sultan's crown on his own head. As soon as he reached the landing-place, however, he was arrested at the command of the grand vizier, Ahmed Köprülü, and cast into prison in chains. An under-pasha, commissioned to receive Sabbatai on the ship, welcomed h ...

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Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople