Encyclopedia - Alfred Schütz: Encyclopedia - Alfred Schütz
Alfred Schütz (1899-1959, aka Alfred Schutz) was a philosopher and sociologist. He was born in Austria and studied law in Vienna, but mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Edmund Husserl: Encyclopedia Ii - Edmund Husserl - Life And Works
Edmund Husserl - Husserl's studies and early works. Husserl initially studied mathematics at the universities of Leipzig (1876) and Ber...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexandre Koyré: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexandre Koyré - Life
Koyré was born in the city of Taganrog in a Russian family of Jewish origin. In Göttingen, Germany he studied under Edmund Husserl and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cartesianism: Encyclopedia - Cartesianism
Cartesian means of or relating to the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. See: René Descartes, after whom the term is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phenomenology: Encyclopedia - Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a current in philosophy that takes the intuitive experience of phenomena (what presents itself to us in conscious experi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Stumpf: Encyclopedia - Carl Stumpf
Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 - 25 December 1936) was a philosopher and psychologist. He studied with Franz Brentano and Rudolf Hermann Lotz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Ingarden: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Ingarden - Life
Born on February 5, 1893 in Kraków, as an Austrian subject during Austria'a last occupation of Southern Poland, he initially studied mat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dallas Willard: Encyclopedia Ii - Dallas Willard - Academic Career
Willard taught at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1960-1965. Since then he has taught at the University of Southern Californi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Derrida: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Derrida - Work
Jacques Derrida - Early works. Derrida's earliest work was in phenomenology. His earliest academic manuscript for a degree was a work o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Derrida: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Derrida - Work
Jacques Derrida - Early works. Derrida's earliest work was in phenomenology. His earliest academic manuscript for a degree was a work o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adolf Reinach: Encyclopedia Ii - Adolf Reinach - Life And Works
Adolf Reinach studied at the Ostergymnasium in Mainz (where he became at first interested in Plato) and later entered the University of M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Postmodern Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Postmodern Philosophy - History Of Postmodern Philosophy
Postmodern philosophy - Early influences in postmodern philosophy. Postmodern philosophy originated primarily in France during the 1950...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gestalt Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Gestalt Psychology - Origins
Although Max Wertheimer is credited as the founder of the movement, the concept of Gestalt was first introduced in contemporary philosoph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paulin J. Hountondji: Encyclopedia Ii - Paulin J. Hountondji - Life And Career
Hountondji was educated at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, graduating in 1966, and taking his doctorate in 1970 (his thesis was on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Although the term "Existentialism" is often -albeit wrongly- used by many fundamentalist groups to refer to what we now define as Postmod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Overview
Existentialism was inspired by the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and the German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Place In Western Philosophy
The Epistemic basis for Anthroposophy is contained in the seminal work, The Philosophy of Freedom, as well as in Steiner's doctoral thesi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1938: Encyclopedia - 1938
1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). 1938 - Events. January 3 - The March of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia - Existence
There is no universally accepted theory of what the word existence means. The dominant (though by no means universal) view in twentieth-c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continental Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Continental Philosophy - History
The distinction between continental and analytic philosophy is relatively recent, probably dating from the early twentieth century. The b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gottlob Frege: Encyclopedia Ii - Gottlob Frege - Logician
Frege is widely regarded as a very great logician, on par with Aristotle, Kurt Gödel, and Alfred Tarski. His revolutionary Begriffsschri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freiburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Freiburg - History
Freiburg was founded in the 12th century by Duke Konrad of Zahringen as a free market town, hence its name. It was strategically located ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1938: Encyclopedia Ii - 1938 - Events
1938 - January-March. January 3 - The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. January 5 - H.R.H. Prince Juan Carlo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminology: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminology - Schools Of Thought
Over time, several schools of thought have developed, including: Classical school Positivist school Chicago school Strain Theory British...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Philosophy
Martin Heidegger - Being and Time. Heidegger's most important work is the dense and challenging Being and Time (German Sein und Zeit, 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Types And Typologies Of Atheism
Many people have disagreed on how best to characterize atheism, and much of the literature on the subject is erroneous or confusing. Ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franz Brentano: Encyclopedia Ii - Franz Brentano - Work And Thought
Franz Brentano - Intentionality. Brentano is best known for his reintroduction of the concept of intentionality—a concept derived fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Austrians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Austrians - Science
Main Article: list of Austrian scientists List of Austrians - Economists. Carl Menger, founder of the Austrian School of economics Fri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven: Encyclopedia Ii - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - Vollenhoven's Successor And Students
D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - The Netherlands. Vollenhoven's successor as historian of philosophy at the VU was Jacob Klapwijk. Dr. Klapwijk ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Thinkers And Authors Associated With The Movement
Existentialism - Film directors. Ingmar Bergman Eric Rohmer Alain Robbe-Grillet Richard Linklater David O. Russell Michelangelo Antoni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - Criticisms Of Deconstruction
Deconstruction is the subject of at least three main types of criticism. Critics take issue with what they believe is a lack of seriousne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emmanuel Lévinas: Encyclopedia Ii - Emmanuel Lévinas - Philosophy
After the war, Levinas became a leading thinker in France, emerging from the circle of intellectuals surrounding Jean Wahl. His work is b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - Earlier Views
The first comprehensive treatment of the subject was by Aristotle in the Metaphysics. He developed a complicated theory of being, accordi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Determinism - Arguments Against Determinism
Determinism - Argument from morality. Some critics of determinism argue that if people are assumed incapable of independent choice (fre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermann Weyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermann Weyl - Early Life And Interests
Weyl was born in Elmshorn (a town near Hamburg), Germany. From 1904 to 1908 he studied in Göttingen and Munich, mainly mathematics and p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intellectual History: Encyclopedia Ii - Intellectual History - Western Intellectual History
The social/intellectual context in the writings of western European history includes: The Enlightenment - human rights, new science, demo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches
Modern investigations into and discoveries about consciousness are based on psychological statistical studies and case studies of conscio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - History
In his early twenties, Steiner was asked to edit Goethe's scientific writings for a major publication of that writer's complete works. In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 19th-century Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - 19th-century Philosophy - Brief Historical Outline
With the tumultuous years of 1789-1815, European culture was transformed by revolution, war and disruption. By ending many of the social ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1859: Encyclopedia Ii - 1859 - Events
1859 - January. January 2 - Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette. January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are uni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Three Famous Atheists: Freud, Marx And Nietzsche
- - From the less analytic tradition, there are three major atheist thinkers. MacIntyre notes in "The Religious Significance of Atheism" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emmanuel Lévinas: Encyclopedia Ii - Emmanuel Lévinas - War Experiences
During the German invasion of France in 1940, Levinas was reactivated with his military unit, which was quickly surrounded and forced to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franz Brentano: Encyclopedia Ii - Franz Brentano - Life
Franz Brentano studied philosophy at the universities of Munich, Würzburg, Berlin (with Trendelenburg) and Münster. He had a special in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Derrida: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Derrida - Deconstruction
Main Article: Deconstruction The 1966 paper, in addition to establishing Derrida's international reputation, marked the starting point of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Derrida: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Derrida - Taking Derrida Seriously
Taking Derrida Seriously: http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol2_1/derrida.htm ... See also:Jacques Derrida, Jacques Derrida -...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - An Illustration: Derrida's Reading Of Lévi-strauss
A more concrete example, drawn from one of Derrida's most famous works, may help to clarify the typical manner in which deconstruction wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - Logocentrism And The Critique Of Binary Oppositions
Deconstruction's central concern is a radical critique of the Enlightenment project and of metaphysics, including in particular the found...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - Text And Deconstruction
According to deconstructive readers, one of the phallogocentrisms of modernism is the distinction between speech (logos) and writing, wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacques Derrida: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacques Derrida - Criticism Of Derrida
Derrida is criticised heavily for his influences and associations. In particular, the involvement of Martin Heidegger (see above) and Pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - The Terminology Of Deconstruction
Deconstruction makes use of a number of terms, many of which are coined or repurposed, that illustrate or follow the process of deconstru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - History Of Deconstruction
During the period between the late 1960s and the early 1980s many thinkers influenced by deconstruction, including Derrida, Paul de Man, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franz Brentano: Encyclopedia Ii - Franz Brentano - Bibliography
Franz Brentano - Major Works by Brentano. (1874) Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt) (188...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermann Weyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermann Weyl - Geometric Foundations Of Manifolds And Physics
See Weyl transformation, Weyl tensor In 1913, Weyl published Die Idee der Riemannschen Fläche (The Concept of a Riemann Surface), which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freiburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Freiburg - Transportation
Freiburg has an extensive pedestrian zone in the city centre where no automobiles are allowed. Freiburg also has an excellent public tran...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gestalt Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Gestalt Psychology - Theoretical Framework And Methodology
The investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century, based on traditional scientific methodology, divided the object of stu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gestalt Psychology: Encyclopedia Ii - Gestalt Psychology - Prägnanz
The most basic rule of gestalt is the law of prägnanz. This law says that we try to experience things in as good a gestalt way as possib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Early Life And Education
Heidegger was born to a rural family in Meßkirch, Germany, and raised to be a clergyman. He was influenced as a teenager by Aristotle me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Deconstruction: Encyclopedia Ii - Deconstruction - The Difficulty In Defining Deconstruction
The term deconstruction in the context of Western philosophy is highly resistant to formal definition. Martin Heidegger was perhaps the f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freiburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Freiburg - Sister Cities
Freiburg has several sister-cities throughout the world: Besançon, France since 1959 Innsbruck, Austria since 1963 Padua, Italy since 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freiburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Freiburg - Politics
Freiburg is known as an "eco-city". In recent years it has attracted solar industries and research; the Greens have a stronghold here (th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gottlob Frege: Encyclopedia Ii - Gottlob Frege - Life
Frege's father was a schoolteacher whose specialty was mathematics. Frege began his studies at the University of Jena in 1869, moving to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Martin Heidegger: Encyclopedia Ii - Martin Heidegger - Heidegger And Nazi Germany
Heidegger joined the Nazi Party on May 1, 1933, before being appointed the rector of the university in Freiburg. He resigned from the rec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermann Weyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermann Weyl - Topological Groups Lie Groups And Representation Theory
See main articles Peter-Weyl theorem, Weyl group, Weyl spinor,Weyl algebra From 1923 to 1938, Weyl developed the theory of compact groups...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermann Weyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermann Weyl - Foundations Of Mathematics
He became very interested in the foundational questions raised by the intuitionists. George Pólya and Weyl, during a mathematicians' gat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freiburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Freiburg - Culture
Because of its scenic beauty, relatively warm and sunny climate and easy access to the Black Forest, Freiburg is a hub for regional touri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermann Weyl: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermann Weyl - Later Career
In 1928 and 1929, he was a visiting professor at Princeton University. Weyl left the professorship at the Technische Hochschule in Züric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Reasons For Atheism
Although not all atheists claim to have a rational justification for their stance, a majority of explicit atheists do assert that their s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Tests Of Consciousness
As there is still not a clear definition of consciousness, no empirical tests currently exist to test consciousness as a whole. Some have...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Spiritual Approaches
Spiritual approaches to consciousness involve the idea of altered states of consciousness or religious experience. Changes in the state o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Physical Approaches
Even at the dawn of Newtonian science, Leibniz and many others were suggesting physical theories of consciousness. Modern physical theori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continental Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Continental Philosophy - Differences From Analytic Philosophy
There are such large differences among the various "continental" schools of thought that the term probably has no great or absolute descr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminology: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminology - Types And Definitions Of Crime
Both the positivist and classical schools take a consensus view of crime – that a crime is an act that violates the basic values and be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1938: Encyclopedia Ii - 1938 - Births
1938 - January-February. January 2 - Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author January 2 - Ian Brady, British serial killer January 5 - Kin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Criminology: Encyclopedia Ii - Criminology - Educational Programs
There are now a huge variety of undergraduate and postgraduate criminology degrees available around the world. The present popularity of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Consciousness: Encyclopedia Ii - Consciousness - Philosophical Approaches
Some philosophers suggest that consciousness resists or even defies definition. Others believe it can be usefully distinguished between p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Critiques Of Anthroposophy
Anthroposophy's combination of clearly thought-through understanding with spiritual content is novel and thus can be controversial. Thoug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Description
Anthroposophy, though appreciative of all religions and cultural developments, emphasizes recent Western (rather than older Hindu or Budd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1859: Encyclopedia Ii - 1859 - Births
1859 - January-June. January 11 - Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, British statesman and Viceroy of India (d. 1925) January 13 - Karl Ble...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Applications
Practical results of Anthroposophy include work in: Architecture (Goetheanum), Biodynamic agriculture, Holistic Waldorf Education Astros...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Social Goals Of Anthroposophy
For a period after World War I, Steiner was extremely active and well-known in Germany in part because in many places he gave lectures on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Successes Of Anthroposophy
Out of the anthroposophical movement have come nearly a thousand schools world-wide. These are often called Waldorf Schools, after the fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthroposophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthroposophy - Aspects Of Anthroposophic Thinking
According to Steiner, a real spiritual world exists out of which the material one gradually condensed, and evolved. The spiritual world, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Etymology
In early Ancient Greek, the adjective atheos (from privative a- + theos "god") meant "without gods" or "lack of belief in gods". The word...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - History
Although the actual term atheism originated in 16th Century France, ideas that would be recognized as atheistic today existed even before...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Major Concepts In Existentialism
Existentialism differentiates itself from the modern Western rationalist tradition extending from Descartes to Husserl by rejecting the i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - Modern Approaches To The Problem
The problem is then evaded as follows. "Pegasus flies" implies existence in the wide sense, for it implies that something flies. But it d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Before 1970
A forerunner of existentialism was Blaise Pascal. In 1670, he published the Pensées, in which he described many fundamental themes of ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existentialism: Encyclopedia Ii - Existentialism - Existentialism Since 1970
Although postmodernist thought became the focus of intellectuals in the 1970s and thereafter (whether the movement is strong today, and w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven: Encyclopedia Ii - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - Vollenhoven And Dooyeweerd
The main influences on Vollenhoven's thought were the VU's founder Abraham Kuyper and leading theologian Herman Bavinck who both taught a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Three Famous Atheists: Freud Marx And Nietzsche
- - From the less analytic tradition, there are three major atheist thinkers. MacIntyre notes in "The Religious Significance of Atheism" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Existence: Encyclopedia Ii - Existence - The Problems Of Existence
1. The first problem is that, on the simple view above, any sentence of apparently subject-predicate form "S is P" must assert the existe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Determinism - Modern Perspectives On Determinism
Determinism - Scientific determinism and first cause. Since the early twentieth century when astronomer Edwin Hubble first hypothesized...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Atheism Studies And Statistics
As some governments have strongly promoted atheism, whilst others have strongly condemned it, atheism may be either over-reported or unde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Distribution Of Atheists
Though atheists are a minority group in most countries, they are relatively common in Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Religion And Atheism
Atheism - Spiritual and religious atheism. Although atheistic beliefs are often accompanied by a total lack of supernatural beliefs, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atheism - Criticisms Of Atheism
Atheists and atheism have received much criticism and opposition throughout human history, chiefly from theistic sources who consider lac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Determinism - A Multi-deterministic Position
One approach to determinism is to argue that materialism does not present a correct understanding of the universe, not because it is wron...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Determinism: Encyclopedia Ii - Determinism - The Nature Of Determinism
The exact meaning of the term "determinism" has historically been subject to various interpretations. Some view determinism and free will...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven: Encyclopedia Ii - D. H. Th. Vollenhoven - Problem-historical Method
As professor of philosophy at VU, Vollenhoven discovered that a systematic approach alone would not be sufficient for the formation of th...   » Read the article