economics

economics: Encyclopedia II - Economics - Areas of study in economics

Economics is usually divided into two main branches: Microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as businesses, households, and individuals, with a view to understand decision making in the face of scarcity and the consequences of these decisions. Macroeconomics, which examines an economy as a whole with a view to understanding the interaction between economic aggregates such as national income, employment and inflation. Note that general equilibrium theory combines concepts of a macro-economic view of the economy, but does so fr ...

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Anarchist economics - Anarchist Critique of Capitalism

Anarchist economics - Alternative Currency Theories

Anarchist economics - Examples of Anarchist Economies

Anarchist economics - Utopia

Anarchist economics - Theoretical Anarchist Economic Systems

Anarchist economics - Economics as Anarchist Strategy

Anarchist economics - Shadow Economies

Anarchist economics - Outside Links

economics: Encyclopedia - Consumption economics

In Keynesian economics consumption refers to personal consumption expenditure, i.e., the purchase of currently produced goods and services out of income, out of savings (net worth), or from borrowed funds. It refers to that part of disposable income (income after taxes paid and transfer payments received) that does not go to saving. John Maynard Keynes developed the idea of the consumption function, which sees a consumption as consisting of two main parts: Induced consumption refers to increases in co ...

economics: Encyclopedia - Community-based economics

Community-based economics or just community economics encourages local substitution and a rejection of outside energy subsidy and coercion. It is most familiar from the lifeways of those practicing voluntary simplicity, including traditional Mennonite, Amish, and modern eco-village communities. However, it is also increasingly a priority in urban economics, where moral p ...

economics: Encyclopedia - Classical economics

Classical economics is a school of economic thought whose major developers include William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill and Johann Heinrich von Thünen. It is seen by many as the first modern school of economic thought. Some authors, such as John Maynard Keynes expand the definition of classical economics to include Karl Marx. Classical economists attempted to explain growth and development. They produced their "magnificent dynamics" during a period in which capitalism was emerging from a p ...

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Classical economics - Literature

economics: Encyclopedia - Labour economics

In classical economics and all micro-economics labour is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. There are macro-economic system theories which have created a concept called human capital (referring to the skills that workers possess, not necessarily their actual work), although there are also counterposing macro-economic system theories that think human capital is a contradiction in terms. Labour economics - Compensation and measurementIncluding:

economics: Encyclopedia - Welfare economics

Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocational efficiency of a macroeconomy and the income distribution consequences associated with it. It attempts to maximize the level of social welfare by examining the economic activities of the individuals that comprise society. Welfare economics is concerned with the welfare of individuals, as opposed to groups, communities, or societies because it assumes that the individual is the basic unit of measuremen ...

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economics: Encyclopedia - Black Economic Empowerment

Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a program launched by the South African government to redress the inequalities of apartheid by giving previously disadvantaged groups (Africans, Coloureds and Indians) economic opportunuties. It is related to Employment Equity, (Affirmative Action). After the end of Apartheid in 1994 and the advent of majority rule, control of big business still rested in the hands of the white minority, so the government, in conjuction with business began the facilitating black ownership and shareholding in South African companies. BEE could be compared to similar processes in ...

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economics: Encyclopedia - Chinese economic reform

Chinese economic reform (Chinese: 改革开放; pinyin: Găigé kāifàng) refers to the program of economic changes called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC) that were started in 1978 by pragmatists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping and are ongoing as of the early 21st century. The goal of Chinese economic reform was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy. Neither the socialist command ...

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economics: Encyclopedia - World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Geneva-based foundation whose Annual Meeting of chief executives of the world's richest corporations, some national political leaders (presidents, prime ministers and others), and selected intellectuals and journalists, about 2000 people in all, is usually held in Davos, Switzerland. There are also regional meetings throughout the year. It was founded in 1971 by Klaus M. Schwab, a business professor in Switzerland, and has helped fund his family foundation, the Schwab Foundation for Social En ...

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economics: Encyclopedia II - Economics - Definitions of economics

Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, beyond this there are a range of definitions, past and present which have been applied, first to the term political economy and then to the modern term economics. John Maynard Keynes once remarked that "Economics is the science of thinking." Broadly the history of the study moved from the study of "wealth" to "welfare" to the idea studying trade-offs. < ...

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economics

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