Economic vegetarianism

Simple living (similar but not identical to voluntary simplicity or voluntary poverty) is a lifestyle individuals may pursue for a variety of motivations, such as spirituality, health, or ecology. Others may choose simple living for reasons of social justice or a rejection of consumerism. Some may emphasize an explicit rejection of "western values", while others choose to live more simply for reasons of personal ...

Including:

• Simple living - History
• Simple living - Practice
• Simple living - Politics
• Simple living - Technology
• Simple living - Other non-religious approaches

Read more here: » Simple living: Encyclopedia - Simple living

Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, beef, poultry, fish or their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs [1]. The exclusion may also extend to products derived from animal carcasses, such as lard, tallow, gelatin, rennet and cochineal. Some who follow the diet also choose to refrain from wearing products that involve the death of animals, such as leather, silk, feather, and fur. It should be noted that although many vegetarians abstain from all animal by-products, others make exceptions in their di ...

Including:

• Vegetarianism - History
• Vegetarianism - Recent trends
• Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism
• Vegetarianism - Motivation
• Vegetarianism - Religious
• Vegetarianism - Nutritional
• Vegetarianism - Ethical
• Vegetarianism - Environmental
• Vegetarianism - Social
• Vegetarianism - Spiritual
• Vegetarianism - Physiological
• Vegetarianism - Aesthetic
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine
• Vegetarianism - Country specific information
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies
• Vegetarianism - Criticism
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity
• Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet
• Vegetarianism - Environment
• Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia - Vegetarianism

An airline meal is a meal served to passengers on a commercial airliner. These meals are prepared specifically for this purpose by special airline catering services. The average airline dinner typically includes a meat product (most commonly chicken or beef), a salad or vegetable, a small roll, and a dessert. Caterers usually produce alternative meals, e.g. kosher and vegetarian. These must usually be ordered in advance, sometimes when buying the ticket. Some airlines are missing a specific meal for ovo-lact ...

Read more here: » Airline meal: Encyclopedia - Airline meal

Scott Adams (born June 8, 1957) is the creator of the Dilbert comic strip and the author of several business commentaries, social satires, and experimental philosophy books. He was born in Windham, New York and received his Bachelor's degree in Economics from Hartwick College in 1979. He also studied economics and management for his MBA from the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. He worked closely with telecommunications engineers at Crocker National Bank in San Francisco between 1979 and 1986, a ...

Including:

• Scott Adams - Publications
• Scott Adams - Awards

Read more here: » Scott Adams: Encyclopedia - Scott Adams

Veganism is abstention from the consumption or use of of animal products and products that have been tested on animals. An animal product in this context refers not only to meat but to any substance derived from an animal. Most vegans avoid the use of all animal products, although some vegans may avoid eating them, but may nevertheless wear clothes made of materials derived from animals, such as l ...

Including:

• Veganism - Definition
• Veganism - Animal products
• Veganism - Motivation
• Veganism - Ethics
• Veganism - Health
• Veganism - Environmental considerations
• Veganism - Sexual and feminist motives
• Veganism - Vegan cuisine
• Veganism - Similar diets and lifestyles
• Veganism - Vegan nutrition
• Veganism - Cultural aspects
• Veganism - Criticism and controversy
• Veganism - Ethical criticism
• Veganism - Health criticism
• Veganism - Notes

Read more here: » Veganism: Encyclopedia - Veganism

A taboo is a strong social prohibition (or ban) relating to any area of human activity or social custom declared as sacred and forbidden; breaking of the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. The term was borrowed from the Tongan language and appears in many Polynesian cultures. In those cultures, a tabu (or tapu or kapu) often has specific religious associations. Its first use in ...

Including:

• Taboo - Taboo and art

Read more here: » Taboo: Encyclopedia - Taboo

Environmental vegetarianism can be compared with economic vegetarianism. An economic vegetarian is someone who practices vegetarianism either out of necessity or because of a conscious simple living strategy or a philosophical viewpoint such as the belief that the consumption of meat is economically unsound or that vegetarianism will help improve public health and curb starvation. According to the Worldwatch Institute, "[m]assive reductions in meat consumption in industrial nations will ease the health care burden while improving public heal ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations

Globally, the agriculture sector produces between 50-75% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respectively, and about five percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Agricultural activities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly. Direct contributions resulting from emissions of CH4, N2O, and CO2 are due to deforestation, biomass burning, ruminant animals, decomposition of soil organic carbon from tillage practices, rice cultivation, ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions

Petroleum and other fossil fuels are thought to be one of the resources freed up by a vegetarian diet. According to Environmental Health Perspectives: "Fossil fuel energy is also a major input to industrial agriculture. The food production system accounts for 17% of all fossil fuel use in the United States, and the average U.S. farm uses 3 kcal of fossil energy in producing 1 kcal of food energy. Meat production uses even more energy. In the typical feedlot system—where a little more than one-half of the cattle's feed is grain—th ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels

Although it has a smaller footprint, factory farming still requires large quantities of feed and large areas of land. Free-range animal production requires land for grazing, which has led to encroachment on undeveloped lands as well as clear cutting of forests. This move has increased the rate of species extinction and damaged the services offered by nature, such as the natural processing of pollutants. Over-grazed lands, especially in semi-arid regions, lose their ability to support animal production because of rapid topsoil erosion and desertification. [citation needed] ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use

Water is becoming increasingly scarce or polluted in many parts of the world. [17] Scientists at the World Water Week conference held in August 2004 advised that "growth in demand for meat and dairy products is unsustainable" and that "[a]nimals need much more water than grain to produce the same amount of food, and ending malnutrition and feeding even more mouths will take still more water." [18] Critics note, meat production is not the only culprit when it comes to misuse of water resources. Crops like rice pose a significant threat ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources

Trawling, the practice of pulling a fishing net through water behind boats, removes around 5 to 25% of an area's seabed life on a single run. [21] Overfishing has also been widely reported due to increases in the volume of fishing hauls to feed a quickly growing number of consumers. This has led to the breakdown of some sea ecosystems and several fishing industries whose catch has been greatly diminished. [22] [23] The extinction of many species has also been reported. [24] According to an FAO estimate, over 70% of the world’s fish species ...

See also:

Environmental vegetarianism, Environmental vegetarianism - Emissions, Environmental vegetarianism - Grazing and land use, Environmental vegetarianism - Water resources, Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental vegetarianism - Petroleum and fossil fuels, Environmental vegetarianism - Related economic and social considerations, Environmental vegetarianism - Other criticism

Read more here: » Environmental vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Environmental vegetarianism - Aquatic ecosystems

There are four main criticisms of vegetarianism, based on health, environment, morality and politics. Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity. Life Expectancy is arguably the most objective and quantifiable measure of health. Most recent studies consistently show that vegetarian sample populations have longer life extectancies than the general populations. However, it has been pointed out that people who are vegetarian tend to contain people with higher socio-economic status, which is associated with ...

See also:

Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual, Vegetarianism - Physiological, Vegetarianism - Aesthetic, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine, Vegetarianism - Country specific information, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies, Vegetarianism - Criticism, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet, Vegetarianism - Environment, Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Criticism

Traditionally meat eating has been defended in Abrahamic religions on the basis that animals have no soul, do not feel pain or think or otherwise are not worthy of ethical consideration. The denial of animal pain and thought has been largely refuted, especially for higher order animals, by neuroscience, behavioral and evolutionary biology although the idea survives in some religious contexts. Many hunter gatherer tribes would actually apologise to the animals which they killed, excusing themselves on the basis that they had to eat the animal ...

See also:

Ethics of vegetarianism, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethics of killing for food, Ethics of vegetarianism - Treatment of animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Consciousness of plants vs animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethical discussions between vegetarians and meat eaters

Read more here: » Ethics of vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethical discussions between vegetarians and meat eaters

Philosopher Peter Singer believes that if alternative means of survival exist, one ought to choose the option that does not cause unnecessary harm to animals. With the exception of a small minority of people, such as nomadic hunting and herding societies, everyone is free to choose not to eat meat or use animal products without sacrificing their health. As noted by John Webster, a professor of animal husbandry at Bristol: "People have assumed that intelligence is linked to the ability to suffer and that because animals have smaller br ...

See also:

Ethics of vegetarianism, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethics of killing for food, Ethics of vegetarianism - Treatment of animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Consciousness of plants vs animals, Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethical discussions between vegetarians and meat eaters

Read more here: » Ethics of vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Ethics of vegetarianism - Ethics of killing for food

Henry David Thoreau's work Walden represents the earliest literature that specifically addresses the sustainable lifestyle in simple living. The Luddites raised issues of appropriate technology as early as the 1800s. The publication of Living the Good Life by Helen Nearing (1904 – 1995) and Scott Nearing (1883 – 1983) in 1954 is the modern-day beginning of the sustainability movement. The book fostered the back to the land movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As the back to the landers realized the difficulty of copying the Nearings' lifestyle, they returned to more conventional lifestyles yet i ...

See also:

Sustainable living, Sustainable living - History

Read more here: » Sustainable living: Encyclopedia II - Sustainable living - History

From the 2nd millennium BC various Hindu and Buddhist groups in the Eastern world had established a voluntarily simplified spiritual lifestyle. This practice continued with various Abrahamic religious movements in the Middle East and Europe. Various notable individuals have claimed that spiritual inspiration led them to a simple living lifestyle, such as Francis of Assisi, Ammon Hennacy and Mahatma Gandhi. In North America, religious groups including the Shakers, Mennonites, Amish, and some Quakers have for centuries practised lifesty ...

See also:

Simple living, Simple living - History, Simple living - Practice, Simple living - Politics, Simple living - Technology, Simple living - Other non-religious approaches

Read more here: » Simple living: Encyclopedia II - Simple living - History

Some people who practice voluntary simplicity act consciously to reduce their need for purchased services or goods and, by extension, their need to sell their time for money. Some will spend the extra free time this generates helping their family or others in a voluntary way. Others may spend the extra free time to improve their own quality of life, without regard for the well being of others. Liv ...

See also:

Simple living, Simple living - History, Simple living - Practice, Simple living - Politics, Simple living - Technology, Simple living - Other non-religious approaches

Read more here: » Simple living: Encyclopedia II - Simple living - Practice

Although some religious and political movements may encourage such practices, simple living itself is apolitical. There is no basic conflict in living simply and espousing most political theories. One could, for example, be a totalitarian monarch who espouses simple living, such as by sumptuary laws. Many Green Parties have been much influenced by the above groups and often advocate voluntary simplicity as a consequence of their "four pillars" or the "Ten Key Values" of the United States Green party. This includes in policy terms reje ...

See also:

Simple living, Simple living - History, Simple living - Practice, Simple living - Politics, Simple living - Technology, Simple living - Other non-religious approaches

Read more here: » Simple living: Encyclopedia II - Simple living - Politics

Living simply may involve re-considering what is "appropriate technology", as anabaptist groups such as the Amish or Mennonites have done. People who practice simple living have very different views on the role of technology. Some, such as Theodore Kaczynski, propose outright rejection while others see the internet as a key criteria to increased simple living in the future. The idea of food miles, which are the number of miles a given piece of food has travelled between the farm and the table, is used by simple living advocates to arg ...

See also:

Simple living, Simple living - History, Simple living - Practice, Simple living - Politics, Simple living - Technology, Simple living - Other non-religious approaches

Read more here: » Simple living: Encyclopedia II - Simple living - Technology