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economic inequality | A Wisdom Archive on economic inequality | | economic inequality A selection of articles related to economic inequality | |
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More material related to Economic Inequality can be found here:
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economic inequality, Economic inequality - Causes Of Inequality, Economic inequality - Effects Of Inequality, Economic inequality - Views on Inequality, Economic inequality - Development patterns, Economic inequality - Distributive Efficiency, Economic inequality - Economic Incentives, Economic inequality - Epidemiological Considerations, Economic inequality - Gender Race and Culture, Economic inequality - Mitigating Factors, Economic inequality - Social Cohesion, Economic inequality - The Labour Market, Economic inequality - Wealth Condensation
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ARTICLES RELATED TO economic inequality | |
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| | |  economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environmentThe role of genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) in determining IQ is reviewed in Plomin et al. (2001, 2003). The degree to which genetic variation contributes to observed variation in a trait is measured by a statistic called heritability. Heritability scores range from 0 to 1, and can be interpreted as the percentage of variation (e.g. in IQ) that is due to variation in genes. Twins studies and adoption studies are commonly used to determine the heritability of a trait. Until recently heritability was mostly studied in childre ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - Online tests, Intelligence quotient - Distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment The role of genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) in determining IQ is reviewed in Plomin et al. (2001, 2003). The degree to which genetic variation contributes to observed variation in a trait is measured by a statistic called heritability. Heritability scores range from 0 to 1, and can be interpreted as the percentage of variation (e.g. in IQ) that is due to variation in genes. Twins studies and adoption studies are commonly used to determine the heritability of a trait. Until recently heritability was mostly studied in childre ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Regression, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Use of IQ in the United States legal system, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ, Intelligence quotient - The APA 1996 Intelligence Task Force Report, Intelligence quotient - Controversy, Intelligence quotient - End material, Intelligence quotient - External links, Intelligence quotient - References Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The 1990s The fight against inflation did not go well. In 1991, under the rule of Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo, the Argentine peso's monetary value was fixed by law to the value of the United States dollar. The law (Ley de Convertibilidad) stated that any citizen could go to a bank and ask for any amount of cash in pesos to be converted to an equal amount of dollars; in order to secure this "convertibility", the Central Bank was bound to keep ...
See also:Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Origins, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The 1990s, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The crisis, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The end of convertibility, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Immediate effects, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The recovery, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Effects on wealth distribution, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Debt restructuring, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Criticism of the IMF Read more here: » Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002: Encyclopedia II - Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The 1990s |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Background information
Race and intelligence - Basic concepts.
This research is grounded in several controversial assumptions:
the social categories of race and ethnicity are concordant with genetic categories, such as biogeographic ancestry.
intelligence is measurable (see psychometrics) and is dominated by a unitary general cognitive ability.
Main article: Race
Racial distinctions are most often made on the basis of skin color, facial features, ancestry, and natio ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - World-wide scores, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Background information |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Background information
Race and intelligence - Basic concepts.
This research is grounded in several controversial assumptions:
the social categories of race and ethnicity are concordant with genetic categories, such as biogeographic ancestry.
intelligence is measurable (see psychometrics) and is dominated by a unitary general cognitive ability.
Racial distinctions are most often made on the basis of skin color, facial features, ancestry, and national origin. Some scientists argue that ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Background information |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution IQ scores are expressed as a number normalized so that the average IQ in an age group is 100. In other words, an individual scoring 115 is above average when compared to people in the same age group. It is common practice to standardize so that the standard deviation (σ) of scores is 15, although some IQ tests use difference scales (for example, the Stanford Binet IQ test uses a standard deviation of 16, and the Cattell IIIB test uses a standard deviation of 24). Tests are designed so that the distribution of IQ scores is Gaussian; that is, ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Regression, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Use of IQ in the United States legal system, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ, Intelligence quotient - The APA 1996 Intelligence Task Force Report, Intelligence quotient - Controversy, Intelligence quotient - End material, Intelligence quotient - External links, Intelligence quotient - References Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - History Alfred Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale in 1905, which used testing to identify students who could benefit from extra help in school. Their assumption was that lower scores indicated the need for more teaching, not an inability to learn. This interpretation is still held by some modern experts.
Notably, Binet himself made no claim that his test properly measured intelligence. He stated in his paper New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals that
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See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Regression, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Use of IQ in the United States legal system, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ, Intelligence quotient - The APA 1996 Intelligence Task Force Report, Intelligence quotient - Controversy, Intelligence quotient - End material, Intelligence quotient - External links, Intelligence quotient - References Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - History |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Debt restructuring When the default was declared in 2002, foreign investment fled the country, and capital flow towards Argentina ceased almost completely. The Argentine government met severe challenges trying to refinance the debt. The state had no spare money at the time, and the Central Bank's foreign currency reserves were almost depleted.
The Argentine government kept a firm stance, and finally got a deal by which 76% of the defaulted bonds were exchanged by others, of a much lower nominal value (25–35% of the original) and at longer terms.
< ...
See also:Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Origins, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The 1990s, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The crisis, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The end of convertibility, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Immediate effects, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - The recovery, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Effects on wealth distribution, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Debt restructuring, Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Criticism of the IMF Read more here: » Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002: Encyclopedia II - Argentine economic crisis 1999-2002 - Debt restructuring |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences
Race and intelligence - Within societies.
There is substantial overlap in the distribution of IQ scores among individuals of each race. Jensen (1998, p. 357) estimates that in a random sample of equal numbers of US Blacks and Whites, most of variance in IQ would be unrelated to race or social class. The average IQ difference between two randomly paired people from the U.S. population, one Black and one White, is approximately 20 points. However, by the same method of calculati ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races The modern controversy surrounding intelligence and race focuses on the results of IQ studies conducted during the second half of the 20th century, mainly in the United States and some other industrialized nations. In almost every testing situation where tests were administered and evaluated correctly, a difference of approximately one standard deviation was observed in the US between the mean IQ score of Blacks and Whites. Attempted world-wide compilations of average IQ by race generally place Ashkenazi Jews at the top, followed by East As ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?
Race and intelligence - Introduction.
The most widely accepted view among intelligence researchers is that IQ differences among individuals of the same race reflect real, functionally/socially significant, and substantially genetic differences in the general intelligence factor, g. It is likewise widely believed that average IQ differences among races reflect real and significant differences in the same g factor.[11] While these conclusions are largely beyond tech ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation? |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Public controversy
Race and intelligence - Media portrayal.
Media portrayal of many IQ-related topics, including race and intelligence research, was found in a 1987 study to be misrepresentative of opinion among scholars in relevant fields, including subfields of psychology, sociology, cognitive science, education, and genetics (Snyderman and Rothman 1988). Among these scholars (in 1987), 53% thought that the black-white gap was partially genetic and 17% thought that it was entirely environmental. (See below: Race and intelligence#Expert opinion)
Ra ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Public controversy |
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| | | | economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Policy implications The public policy implications of IQ and race research are possibly the greatest source of controversy surrounding this issue. For example, the conservative policy recommendations of Herrnstein and Murray in The Bell Curve were denounced by many. Indeed, even proponents of a partly genetic interpretation of the IQ gap, such as Rushton and Jensen (2005) and Gottfredson (2005b), argue that their interpretation does not in itself demand any particular policy response: while a conservative/libertarian commentator may feel the results just ...
See also:Race and intelligence, Race and intelligence - Background information, Race and intelligence - Basic concepts, Race and intelligence - History, Race and intelligence - Public controversy, Race and intelligence - Media portrayal, Race and intelligence - Utility of research and racism, Race and intelligence - Accusations of bias, Race and intelligence - Average test score gaps among races, Race and intelligence - Brain size employment tests and school achievement, Race and intelligence - Cultural or genetic explanation?, Race and intelligence - Introduction, Race and intelligence - Cultural explanations, Race and intelligence - Genetic explanations, Race and intelligence - Expert opinion, Race and intelligence - Significance of group IQ differences, Race and intelligence - Within societies, Race and intelligence - Between nations, Race and intelligence - For highly successful minorities, Race and intelligence - Policy implications, Race and intelligence - End material, Race and intelligence - Further reading, Race and intelligence - Notes, Race and intelligence - References, Race and intelligence - External links Read more here: » Race and intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Race and intelligence - Policy implications |
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More material related to Economic Inequality can be found here:
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