While today's Neopaganism does continue many beliefs and practices of previous forms of Paganism, including many gods and goddesses, it is in many ways claimed to be very different. Especially syncretistic Neopagans have concepts of deities and the divine that vary widely. Belief systems self-describing as Pagan may include elements of dualism, panentheism, pantheism and animism, and it is sometimes difficult to draw an ex ...

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Neopaganism, Neopaganism - History, Neopaganism - Historical sources, Neopaganism - Ecological and mystical currents, Neopaganism - Pantheon, Neopaganism - Worship and Ritual, Neopaganism - Number of adherents, Neopaganism - Concepts of divinity, Neopaganism - Neopagan views of gods and gender, Neopaganism - Traditions, Neopaganism - Reconstructionist, Neopaganism - Syncretist and eclectic, Neopaganism - Related theological concepts, Neopaganism - Usage of the term 'Neopagan'

Read more here: » Neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Neopaganism - Concepts of divinity

The term "Neopagan" is used by academics and adherents alike to denote those Pagan traditions which are largely modern in origin, or which are conceived as reconstructions of ancient practices. Some critics claim that Neopagans cannot legitimately be considered practitioners of any "true" Pagan religion, citing that in the history of ideas it is understood that revivals are not identical to their models: e.g., Roman sculpture compared to the neoclassicism of, for example, Antonio Canova. Furthermore, a revival or reconstruction can on ...

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Neopaganism, Neopaganism - History, Neopaganism - Historical sources, Neopaganism - Ecological and mystical currents, Neopaganism - Pantheon, Neopaganism - Worship and Ritual, Neopaganism - Number of adherents, Neopaganism - Concepts of divinity, Neopaganism - Neopagan views of gods and gender, Neopaganism - Traditions, Neopaganism - Reconstructionist, Neopaganism - Syncretist and eclectic, Neopaganism - Related theological concepts, Neopaganism - Usage of the term 'Neopagan'

Read more here: » Neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Neopaganism - Usage of the term 'Neopagan'

Adherents.com estimates there are one million Neopagans. It is necessary to define clearly who is included in any estimate, as Neopagan could mean active initiates, or anyone who likes Tarot! Also there is a difference between Western (Neo) Paganism, (technically a New Religious Movement), and worldwide traditional Neopagan faiths. It is possible, however, to consider these varied and diverse indigenous religions, generically referred to as "pagan" by monotheistic faiths, as having enough in common to warrant grouping them together as a single religious movement. Th ...

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Neopaganism, Neopaganism - History, Neopaganism - Historical sources, Neopaganism - Ecological and mystical currents, Neopaganism - Pantheon, Neopaganism - Worship and Ritual, Neopaganism - Number of adherents, Neopaganism - Concepts of divinity, Neopaganism - Neopagan views of gods and gender, Neopaganism - Traditions, Neopaganism - Reconstructionist, Neopaganism - Syncretist and eclectic, Neopaganism - Related theological concepts, Neopaganism - Usage of the term 'Neopagan', Neopaganism - Sources

Read more here: » Neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Neopaganism - Number of adherents

Adherents.com estimates there are one million Neopagans. It is necessary to define clearly who is included in any estimate, as Neopagan could mean active initiates, or anyone who likes Tarot! Also there is a difference between Western (Neo) Paganism, (technically a New Religious Movement), and worldwide traditional Neopagan faiths. It is possible, however, to consider these varied and diverse indigenous religions, generically referred to as "pagan" by monotheistic faiths, as having enough in common to warrant grouping them together as a single religious movement. Th ...

See also:

Neopaganism, Neopaganism - History, Neopaganism - Historical sources, Neopaganism - Ecological and mystical currents, Neopaganism - Pantheon, Neopaganism - Worship and Ritual, Neopaganism - Number of adherents, Neopaganism - Concepts of divinity, Neopaganism - Neopagan views of gods and gender, Neopaganism - Traditions, Neopaganism - Reconstructionist, Neopaganism - Syncretist and eclectic, Neopaganism - Related theological concepts, Neopaganism - Usage of the term 'Neopagan'

Read more here: » Neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Neopaganism - Number of adherents

Homeschooling - Academic results. The academic effectiveness of homeschooling is largely a settled issue. Numerous studies have confirmed the academic integrity of home education programs, demonstrating that average homeschoolers outperform their public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. Moreover, the performance gaps between minorities and gender that plague public schools are vi ...

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Homeschooling, Homeschooling - Overview, Homeschooling - Homeschooling motivations, Homeschooling - Public opinion of homeschooling, Homeschooling - Legality of homeschooling, Homeschooling - Homeschooling methods, Homeschooling - Unit studies, Homeschooling - Special materials, Homeschooling - All-in-one curricula, Homeschooling - Community resources, Homeschooling - Eclectic curricula, Homeschooling - Unschooling, Homeschooling - Homeschooling results, Homeschooling - Academic results, Homeschooling - Social development, Homeschooling - Notable homeschooled individuals, Homeschooling - Footnote, Homeschooling - Resources

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There is a wide variety of homeschooling methods and materials. Many homeschoolers base their work on a particular educational philosophy such as: Classical education (including Trivium, Quadrivium) Waldorf Education Charlotte Mason education Theory of multiple intelligences Montessori method Others use a broad combination of ideas or allow the child to develop his or her own motivation, through what is known as Unschooling. Because homeschool laws vary widely according to state statutes, official curriculum requirements vary. ...

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Homeschooling, Homeschooling - Overview, Homeschooling - Homeschooling motivations, Homeschooling - Public opinion of homeschooling, Homeschooling - Legality of homeschooling, Homeschooling - Homeschooling methods, Homeschooling - Unit studies, Homeschooling - Special materials, Homeschooling - All-in-one curricula, Homeschooling - Community resources, Homeschooling - Eclectic curricula, Homeschooling - Unschooling, Homeschooling - Homeschooling results, Homeschooling - Academic results, Homeschooling - Social development, Homeschooling - Notable homeschooled individuals, Homeschooling - Footnote, Homeschooling - Resources

Read more here: » Homeschooling: Encyclopedia II - Homeschooling - Homeschooling methods

International law - Natural law. The intellectual seeds of modern international law germinated in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the influence of the Catholic Church in international affairs gradually weakened. Many early international legal theorists were concerned with axiomatic truths thought to be reposed in natural law. Among the early natural law writers, Francisco de Vitoria, Dominican professor of theology at the University of Salamanca, examined the question of just war and Spanish authority in the Americas. He did so while Spain was at the height o ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - International legal theory

See main article: sources of international law. International law has three primary sources: international treaties, custom, and general principles of law (cf. Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice). International treaty law is comprised of obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in treaties. Customary international law is derived from the consistent practice of States accompanied by opinio juris, i.e. the conviction of States that the consistent practice is required ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - Sources of international law

Where there are disputes about the exact meaning and application of national laws, it is the responsibility of the courts to decide what the law means. In international law as a whole, there are no courts which have the authority to do this. It is generally the responsibility of states to interpret the law for themselves. Unsurprisingly, this means that there is rarely agreement in cases of dispute. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties writes on the topic of interpretation that: "A treaty shall be interpreted in good fai ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - Interpretation of International Law

International law establishes the framework and the criteria for identifying states as the principal actors in the international legal system. As the existence of a state presupposes control and jurisdiction over territory, international law deals with the acquisition of territory, state immunity and the legal responsibility of states in their conduct with each other. The law is similarly concerned with the treatment of individuals within state boundaries. There is thus a comprehensive regime dealing with group rights, the treatment of alien ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - The scope of international law

The 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of the concept of a "nation-state", which comprised nations controlled by a centralized system of government. The concept of nationalism became increasingly important as people began to see themselves as citizens of a particular nation with a distinct national identity. Until the beginning of the 20th century, relations between nation-states were dictated by Treaty, unenforceable agreements to behave in a certain way towards another state. Many people now view the nation-state as the primary u ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law

See main article: international legal system. Violations of the UN Charter by members of the United Nations may be raised by the aggrieved state in the General Assembly for debate. The General Assembly cannot make binding resolutions, but under the "Uniting for Peace" resolution (GA/RES/0377) it declared it could authorize the use of force if there had been Breaches of the Peace or Acts of Aggression, provided that the Security Council due to a negative vote of a permement member failed to act. It could call for other collectiv ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - Enforcement by international bodies

Through the ages a code developed for the relations and conduct between nations. Even when nations were at war, envoys were often considered immune to violence. The first formal attempts in this direction, which over time have developed into the current international law, stem from the era of the Renaissance in Europe. In the Middle Ages it had been considered the obligation of the Church to mediate in international disputes. During the Council of Constance (1414) Pawel Wlodkowic, rector of Jagiellonian University (Kraków, Poland), theologi ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - History

See main article: history of international law. Through the ages a code developed for the relations and conduct between nations. Even when nations were at war, envoys were often considered immune to violence. The first formal attempts in this direction, which over time have developed into the current international law, stem from the era of the Renaissance in Europe. In the Middle Ages it had been considered the obligation of the Church to mediate in international disputes. During the Council of Constance (1414) Pawel Wlodkowic, ...

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International law, International law - The scope of international law, International law - Fundamental conflicts over international law, International law - Sources of international law, International law - Interpretation of International Law, International law - Enforcement by states, International law - Enforcement by international bodies, International law - History, International law - International legal theory, International law - Natural law, International law - Eclectic school, International law - Legal positivism, International law - Branches of international law, International law - Notes and references

Read more here: » International law: Encyclopedia II - International law - History

Homeschooling - Academic findings. The academic effectiveness of homeschooling is largely a settled issue. Numerous studies have confirmed the academic integrity of home education programs, demonstrating that average homeschoolers outperform their public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. Moreover, the performance gaps between minorities and gender that plague public schools are virtually non-ex ...

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Homeschooling, Homeschooling - History, Homeschooling - Popularity, Homeschooling - Australia & New Zealand, Homeschooling - Canada, Homeschooling - United Kingdom, Homeschooling - United States, Homeschooling - Motivations, Homeschooling - Methods, Homeschooling - Unit studies, Homeschooling - Special materials, Homeschooling - All-in-one curricula, Homeschooling - Student Paced Learning, Homeschooling - Community resources, Homeschooling - Eclectic curricula, Homeschooling - Unschooling, Homeschooling - Social development, Homeschooling - Social concerns of non-homeschoolers, Homeschooling - Cost, Homeschooling - Public opinion, Homeschooling - Legality, Homeschooling - Results, Homeschooling - Academic findings, Homeschooling - Social findings, Homeschooling - Notable home-educated individuals

Read more here: » Homeschooling: Encyclopedia II - Homeschooling - Results

Blog - Political. Main article: Political blog When discussed in the media, the term blog is often understood to refer to a political blog. Political blogs take different forms. Some link to news articles and post personal comments. Others write long essays about current political topics. Noteworthy is the recent trend of political candidates to incorporate blogging in their campaigns. Some candidates do their own blogging, while others, such as US presidential candidates, assign blogging to campaign staff. Blog - Personal. < ...

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Blog, Blog - Blog basics, Blog - How blogs differ from traditional sites, Blog - Difference from forums or newsgroups, Blog - Digital media, Blog - History, Blog - Precursors, Blog - Blogging appears, Blog - Blogging gains influence, Blog - Blogging gains popularity, Blog - Blogging and the traditional, Blog - How blogs are made, Blog - Types of blogs, Blog - Political, Blog - Personal, Blog - Cultural, Blog - Topical, Blog - Business, Blog - Science, Blog - Moblog, Blog - Collaborative, Blog - Eclectic, Blog - Educational, Blog - Directory, Blog - Forum, Blog - Spam, Blog - Common terms, Blog - Blogging Software, Blog - Blogging Search Engine, Blog - Blogging Contests

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Blog - Political. Main article: Political blog When discussed in the media, the term blog is often understood to refer to a political blog. Political blogs take different forms. Some link to news articles and post personal comments. Others write long essays about current political topics. Noteworthy is the recent trend of political candidates to incorporate blogging in their campaigns. Some candidates do their own blogging, while others, such as US presidential candidates, assign blogging to campaign staff. Blog - Personal. < ...

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Blog, Blog - Blog basics, Blog - How blogs differ from traditional sites, Blog - Difference from forums or newsgroups, Blog - Digital media, Blog - History, Blog - Precursors, Blog - Blogging appears, Blog - Blogging gains influence, Blog - Blogging gains popularity, Blog - Blog Popularity Dynamics, Blog - Blogging and the traditional, Blog - How blogs are made, Blog - Types of blogs, Blog - Political, Blog - Personal, Blog - Cultural, Blog - Topical, Blog - Business, Blog - Science, Blog - Moblog, Blog - Collaborative, Blog - Eclectic, Blog - Educational, Blog - Directory, Blog - Forum, Blog - Spam, Blog - Common terms, Blog - Blogging Software, Blog - Blogging Search Engines

Read more here: » Blog: Encyclopedia II - Blog - Types of blogs

While frequentism is widely accepted as a scientific tool, the use of Bayesian probability often raises the philosophical debate as to whether it can contribute valid justifications of belief. Bayesians point to the work of Ramsey and De Finetti as proving that subjective beliefs must follow the laws of probability if they are to be coherent. The use of Bayesian probability involves specifying a prior probability. This may be obtained from consideration of whether the required prior probability is greater or lesser than a refer ...

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Probability interpretations, Probability interpretations - Epistemological controversy, Probability interpretations - Practical controversy, Probability interpretations - Axiomatic probability

Read more here: » Probability interpretations: Encyclopedia II - Probability interpretations - Epistemological controversy

Pauranika (Sanskrit) Eclectic school. {BCW 12:343n}

(See also: Pauranika, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

From the Kolmogorov axioms one can deduce other useful rules for calculating probabilities: This is called The Addition Law of Probability. That is, the probability that A or B will happen is the sum of the probabilities that A will happen and that B will happen, minus the probability that A and B will happen. This can be extended to the inclusion-exclusion principle. That is, the probability that any event will not happen is 1 minus the probability that it will. Using conditional probability as defined ...

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Probability axioms, Probability axioms - Kolmogorov axioms, Probability axioms - First axiom, Probability axioms - Second axiom, Probability axioms - Third axiom, Probability axioms - Lemmas in probability

Read more here: » Probability axioms: Encyclopedia II - Probability axioms - Lemmas in probability

From the Kolmogorov axioms one can deduce other useful rules for calculating probabilities: This is called the additition law of probability. That is, the probability that A or B will happen is the sum of the probabilities that A will happen and that B will happen, minus the probability that A and B will happen. This can be extended to the inclusion-exclusion principle. That is, the probability that any event wil ...

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Probability axioms, Probability axioms - Kolmogorov axioms, Probability axioms - First axiom, Probability axioms - Second axiom, Probability axioms - Third axiom, Probability axioms - Lemmas in probability

Read more here: » Probability axioms: Encyclopedia II - Probability axioms - Lemmas in probability

The following three axioms are known as the Kolmogorov axioms, after Andrey Kolmogorov who developed them. We have an underlying set Ω, a sigma-algebra F of subsets of Ω, and a function P assigning real numbers to members of F. The members of F are those subsets of Ω that are called "events". Probability axioms - First axiom. For any set i.e., for any event, That is, the probability of an event is a non-negative real number. Probab ...

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Probability axioms, Probability axioms - Kolmogorov axioms, Probability axioms - First axiom, Probability axioms - Second axiom, Probability axioms - Third axiom, Probability axioms - Lemmas in probability

Read more here: » Probability axioms: Encyclopedia II - Probability axioms - Kolmogorov axioms