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The C programming language, before it was standardized, did not provide built-in functionalities such as I/O operations (unlike traditional languages such as Pascal and Fortran). Over time, user communities of C shared ideas and implementations of what we now call C standard libraries to provide that functionality. Many of these ideas were incorporated eventually into the definition of the standardized C programming language. Both Unix and C were created at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During ...

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C standard library, C standard library - Design, C standard library - History, C standard library - ANSI Standard, C standard library - ANSI C library header files, C standard library - The C standard library in C++, C standard library - Common support libraries

Read more here: » C standard library: Encyclopedia II - C standard library - History

The ANSI C standard library consists of 24 C header files which can be included into a programmer's project with a single directive. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions and macros. The contents of these header files follows. In comparison to some other languages (for example Java) the standard library is minuscule. The library provides a basic set of mathematical functions, string manipulation, type conversions, and file and console-based I/O. It does not include a standard set of "contai ...

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C standard library, C standard library - Design, C standard library - History, C standard library - ANSI Standard, C standard library - ANSI C library header files, C standard library - The C standard library in C++, C standard library - Common support libraries

Read more here: » C standard library: Encyclopedia II - C standard library - ANSI Standard

The different newline conventions often cause text files that have been transferred between systems of different types to be displayed incorrectly. For example, files originating on Unix or Apple Macintosh systems may appear as a single long line on a Windows system. Conversely, when viewing a file from a Windows computer on a Unix system, the extra CR may be displayed as ^M at the ...

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Newline, Newline - Representations, Newline - Unicode, Newline - History, Newline - Newline in programming languages, Newline - Common problems, Newline - Conversion utilities

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The name and characteristic of each function are included into a computer file called a header file but the actual implementation of functions are separated into a library file. The naming and scope of headers have become common but the organization of libraries still remains diverse. The standard library is usually shipped along with a compiler. Since C compilers often provide extra functionalities that are not specified in ANSI C, a standard library with a particular compiler is mostly incompatibl ...

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C standard library, C standard library - Design, C standard library - History, C standard library - ANSI Standard, C standard library - ANSI C library header files, C standard library - The C standard library in C++, C standard library - Common support libraries

Read more here: » C standard library: Encyclopedia II - C standard library - Design

dd has a different set of command line options than the ordinary cp command (which copies files in their entirety) that allow copying a fixed number of bytes or blocks, performing on-the-fly byte order conversions, as well as more esoteric EBCDIC to ASCII conversions. Nowadays dd is mostly used to copy regions of raw device files, e.g. backing up the boot sector of a hard disk, or to read fixed amounts of data from special files like /dev/zero or /dev/random. Because dd can copy entire partitions or disks (t ...

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Dd Unix, Dd Unix - Introduction, Dd Unix - Usage, Dd Unix - operands, Dd Unix - conv, Dd Unix - Notes and units, Dd Unix - Examples, Dd Unix - Anti-examples, Dd Unix - Other meanings of dd

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WARNING: If you care for your data, do NOT try this. The following examples are provided to warn about the dangers of dd, if used incorrectly. Trying any of these commands with the proper privileges will almost certainly result in major data loss, and may make the system unusable. This overwrites the complete first hard disk with null bytes, erasing it: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda This overwrites the first few blocks of the first hard disk with the file, resulting in a loss of the partition table: dd if=funnysong ...

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Dd Unix, Dd Unix - Introduction, Dd Unix - Usage, Dd Unix - operands, Dd Unix - conv, Dd Unix - Notes and units, Dd Unix - Examples, Dd Unix - Anti-examples, Dd Unix - Other meanings of dd

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Character strings are such a useful datatype that several languages have been designed in order to make string processing applications easy to write. Examples include the following languages: awk Icon Perl Ruby Tcl MUMPS Rexx sed SNOBOL Many UNIX utilities perform simple string manipulations and can be used to easily program s ...

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String computer science, String computer science - String datatypes, String computer science - Representations, String computer science - Memory management, String computer science - Vectors, String computer science - String algorithms, String computer science - Character string oriented languages and utilities, String computer science - Formal theory, String computer science - Character string functions

Read more here: » String computer science: Encyclopedia II - String computer science - Character string oriented languages and utilities

There are many algorithms for processing strings, each with various tradeoffs. Some categories of algorithms include string searching algorithms for finding a given substring or pattern; sorting algorithms; regular expression algorithms; and parsing a string. Advanced string algorithms often employ complex mechanisms and data structures, among them suffix trees and finite state machines. ...

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String computer science, String computer science - String datatypes, String computer science - Representations, String computer science - Memory management, String computer science - Vectors, String computer science - String algorithms, String computer science - Character string oriented languages and utilities, String computer science - Formal theory, String computer science - Character string functions

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To create an image file named floppy.img of a floppy disk in the drive whose block-device name is /dev/fd0 (as the first floppy device is on Linux), one may invoke dd in the following way: dd if=/dev/fd0 of=floppy.img Note: To copy a floppy image to a disk (erasing any existing data on the disk), simply reverse of and if of the previous example. To create a file with name reallylargefile with the size of 1 GB, filled with random data, do this: dd if=/dev/random of=reallylargefile < ...

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Dd Unix, Dd Unix - Introduction, Dd Unix - Usage, Dd Unix - operands, Dd Unix - conv, Dd Unix - Notes and units, Dd Unix - Examples, Dd Unix - Anti-examples, Dd Unix - Other meanings of dd

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One starts with a non-empty finite set Σ called an alphabet. Elements of this alphabet are called characters. A string (or word) over Σ is any finite sequence of characters from Σ. Infinite sequences of characters are not allowed in this definition. A particularly important string is the sequence of no characters, called the empty string. The empty string is often denoted ε or λ. For example, if Σ = {0, 1}, strings over Σ are of the form

In English, F represents the voiceless labiodental fricative ([f] in IPA), although in certain words, such as "of", it can be a voiced labiodental fricative ([v] in IPA). The digraph "ff", pronounced [f], is often used at the end of words (and, in rare personal or placenames, at the beginning). Both initial and final F are commonly us ...

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F, F - History, F - Phonetic use, F - Codes for computing, F - Ligatures, F - Meanings for F, F - Variants of F

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Because the number of written symbols used in common natural languages far exceeds the limited range of the ASCII code, many extensions to it have been used to facilitate handling of those languages. Markets for computers and communication equipment outside English-speaking countries were historically open long before standards bodies had time to deliberate upon the best way to accommodate them, so ther ...

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Extended ASCII, Extended ASCII - Motives for extending, Extended ASCII - Proprietary extensions, Extended ASCII - ISO 8859 and proprietary adaptions, Extended ASCII - Input methods, Extended ASCII - Character set confusion, Extended ASCII - Unicode

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While not standardized, C programs may depend on a runtime library of routines which contain code the compiler uses at runtime. The code that initializes the process for the operating system, for example, before calling main(), is implemented in the C Run-Time Library for a given vendor's compiler. The Run-Time Library code might help with other language feature implementations, like ha ...

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C standard library, C standard library - Design, C standard library - History, C standard library - ANSI Standard, C standard library - ANSI C library header files, C standard library - The C standard library in C++, C standard library - Common support libraries

Read more here: » C standard library: Encyclopedia II - C standard library - Common support libraries

Software applications and operating systems usually represent the newline with one or two control characters: Systems based on ASCII or a compatible character set use either LF (Line Feed, 0x0A) or CR (Carriage Return, 0x0D) individually, or CR followed by LF (CR+LF, 0x0D 0x0A). LF:    Unix and Unix-like systems, AIX, Xenix, Mac OS X, BeOS, Amiga, RISC OS and others CR+LF: CP/M, MP ...

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Newline, Newline - Representations, Newline - Unicode, Newline - History, Newline - Newline in programming languages, Newline - Common problems, Newline - Conversion utilities

Read more here: » Newline: Encyclopedia II - Newline - Representations

Unicode - Operating systems. Despite technical problems and limitations and criticism on process, Unicode has emerged as the dominant encoding scheme. Windows NT and its descendants Windows 2000 and Windows XP make extensive use of UTF-16 as an internal representation of text. Unix-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux, Plan 9, BSD and Mac OS X have adopted UTF-8 as the basis of representation of multilingual text. Unicode - E-mail. M ...

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Unicode, Unicode - Origin and development, Unicode - Scripts covered, Unicode - Trivia, Unicode - Mapping and encodings, Unicode - Standard, Unicode - Storage transfer and processing, Unicode - Ready-made versus composite characters, Unicode - Issues, Unicode - Unicode in use, Unicode - Operating systems, Unicode - E-mail, Unicode - Web, Unicode - Fonts, Unicode - Multilingual text-rendering engines, Unicode - Input methods

Read more here: » Unicode: Encyclopedia II - Unicode - Unicode in use

List of reference tables - Art. List of visual arts and design topics List of artworks List of notable museums and galleries List of most expensive paintings List of artists List of painters List of sculptors List of contemporary artists List of architects List of graphic designers List of reference tables - Ceremonies/festivals/meetings. List of festivals Li ...

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List of reference tables, List of reference tables - From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia., List of reference tables - Reference, List of reference tables - Standards, List of reference tables - Art and culture, List of reference tables - Art, List of reference tables - Ceremonies/festivals/meetings, List of reference tables - Culture, List of reference tables - Film, List of reference tables - Humour, List of reference tables - Literature, List of reference tables - Music, List of reference tables - Radio, List of reference tables - Sports and games, List of reference tables - Television, List of reference tables - Geography and places, List of reference tables - Cities, List of reference tables - List of countries and other entities, List of reference tables - Geographical features, List of reference tables - List of famous and notable sites, List of reference tables - Toponymy lists place names, List of reference tables - History and events, List of reference tables - Mathematics and abstractions, List of reference tables - People, List of reference tables - Philosophy and religion, List of reference tables - Philosophy, List of reference tables - Religion, List of reference tables - Physical sciences and nature, List of reference tables - Agriculture and food, List of reference tables - Animals/zoology, List of reference tables - Astronomy, List of reference tables - Biology, List of reference tables - Chemistry, List of reference tables - Ecology, List of reference tables - Geology, List of reference tables - Health health sciences and medicine, List of reference tables - Physics, List of reference tables - Social sciences and society, List of reference tables - Business finance and economics, List of reference tables - Education and schools, List of reference tables - Government law and politics, List of reference tables - Language and words, List of reference tables - Organizations/institutions, List of reference tables - Psychology, List of reference tables - Sociology, List of reference tables - Vocational, List of reference tables - Technology, List of reference tables - Architecture and civil engineering, List of reference tables - Computing and the internet, List of reference tables - Electronics, List of reference tables - Engineering, List of reference tables - Military, List of reference tables - Space exploration, List of reference tables - Transportation

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Unicode covers almost all scripts (writing systems) in current use today, including: Arabic Armenian Bengali Braille embossing patterns Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Cherokee Coptic Cyrillic Devanāgarī Ethiopic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hangul (Korean) Han (Kanji, Hanja, Hanzi) Japanese (Kanji, Hiragana and Katakana) Hebrew Khmer (Cambo ...

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Unicode, Unicode - Origin and development, Unicode - Scripts covered, Unicode - Trivia, Unicode - Mapping and encodings, Unicode - Standard, Unicode - Storage transfer and processing, Unicode - Ready-made versus composite characters, Unicode - Issues, Unicode - Unicode in use, Unicode - Operating systems, Unicode - E-mail, Unicode - Web, Unicode - Fonts, Unicode - Multilingual text-rendering engines, Unicode - Input methods

Read more here: » Unicode: Encyclopedia II - Unicode - Scripts covered

The diagram shows the uuencoding of the three ASCII encoded characters Cat into its uuencoded representation 0V%T. If the complete uuencoded output of the three ASCII characters Cat might appear as the following begin 644 cat.txt #0V%T ` end ...

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Uuencode, Uuencode - The encoding process, Uuencode - Sample uuencode, Uuencode - Uuencode table

Read more here: » Uuencode: Encyclopedia II - Uuencode - Sample uuencode

HTML represents the horizontal tab as &#09; but as all whitespace characters this doesn't allow actual insertion of tabs into the page except inside <pre> tags. It would look something like this: Below is tabbed This line uses a Tab space. This one doesn't The vertical tab is &#11; but is not allowed in SGML (including HTML) or XML. ...

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Tab, Tab - Typewriters, Tab - ASCII and EBCDIC, Tab - Tabs in HTML, Tab - Tabs in programming, Tab - Tabs in terminals

Read more here: » Tab: Encyclopedia II - Tab - Tabs in HTML

In computer programming, the use of tabs for code formatting and indentation is an ongoing debate. Programmers are generally divided into two camps - those who use hard tabs in their code, and those who configure their editors to insert actual space characters when they press the tab key. When tabs are replaced to spaces in this way they are referred to as soft tabs. There are many arguments for and against using hard tabs in code. What can be said without doubt is that one early benefit of tabs, i.e. compression (see above), is now less relevant as storage is so cheap, and sophisticated compression al ...

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Tab, Tab - Typewriters, Tab - ASCII and EBCDIC, Tab - Tabs in HTML, Tab - Tabs in programming, Tab - Tabs in terminals

Read more here: » Tab: Encyclopedia II - Tab - Tabs in programming

List of reference tables - Cities. List of city listings by country List of cities that have been the birthplace of a genre of music Capitals List of national capitals by name (present and past) List of capitals and larger cities by country List of capitals of subnational entities List of current and former capital cities within U.S. states List of metropolitan areas by population List of the world's most populous citiesSee also:

List of reference tables, List of reference tables - From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia., List of reference tables - Reference, List of reference tables - Standards, List of reference tables - Art and culture, List of reference tables - Art, List of reference tables - Ceremonies/festivals/meetings, List of reference tables - Culture, List of reference tables - Film, List of reference tables - Humour, List of reference tables - Literature, List of reference tables - Music, List of reference tables - Radio, List of reference tables - Sports and games, List of reference tables - Television, List of reference tables - Geography and places, List of reference tables - Cities, List of reference tables - List of countries and other entities, List of reference tables - Geographical features, List of reference tables - List of famous and notable sites, List of reference tables - Toponymy lists place names, List of reference tables - History and events, List of reference tables - Mathematics and abstractions, List of reference tables - People, List of reference tables - Philosophy and religion, List of reference tables - Philosophy, List of reference tables - Religion, List of reference tables - Physical sciences and nature, List of reference tables - Agriculture and food, List of reference tables - Animals/zoology, List of reference tables - Astronomy, List of reference tables - Biology, List of reference tables - Chemistry, List of reference tables - Ecology, List of reference tables - Geology, List of reference tables - Health health sciences and medicine, List of reference tables - Physics, List of reference tables - Social sciences and society, List of reference tables - Business finance and economics, List of reference tables - Education and schools, List of reference tables - Government law and politics, List of reference tables - Language and words, List of reference tables - Organizations/institutions, List of reference tables - Psychology, List of reference tables - Sociology, List of reference tables - Vocational, List of reference tables - Technology, List of reference tables - Architecture and civil engineering, List of reference tables - Computing and the internet, List of reference tables - Electronics, List of reference tables - Engineering, List of reference tables - Military, List of reference tables - Space exploration, List of reference tables - Transportation

Read more here: » List of reference tables: Encyclopedia II - List of reference tables - Geography and places

List of reference tables - Philosophy. List of philosophical lists List of basic philosophical topics List of ethics topics Glossary of philosophical isms List of philosophical topics List of philosophy topics List of publications in philosophy List of topics in logic List of topics ...

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List of reference tables, List of reference tables - From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia., List of reference tables - Reference, List of reference tables - Standards, List of reference tables - Art and culture, List of reference tables - Art, List of reference tables - Ceremonies/festivals/meetings, List of reference tables - Culture, List of reference tables - Film, List of reference tables - Humour, List of reference tables - Literature, List of reference tables - Music, List of reference tables - Radio, List of reference tables - Sports and games, List of reference tables - Television, List of reference tables - Geography and places, List of reference tables - Cities, List of reference tables - List of countries and other entities, List of reference tables - Geographical features, List of reference tables - List of famous and notable sites, List of reference tables - Toponymy lists place names, List of reference tables - History and events, List of reference tables - Mathematics and abstractions, List of reference tables - People, List of reference tables - Philosophy and religion, List of reference tables - Philosophy, List of reference tables - Religion, List of reference tables - Physical sciences and nature, List of reference tables - Agriculture and food, List of reference tables - Animals/zoology, List of reference tables - Astronomy, List of reference tables - Biology, List of reference tables - Chemistry, List of reference tables - Ecology, List of reference tables - Geology, List of reference tables - Health health sciences and medicine, List of reference tables - Physics, List of reference tables - Social sciences and society, List of reference tables - Business finance and economics, List of reference tables - Education and schools, List of reference tables - Government law and politics, List of reference tables - Language and words, List of reference tables - Organizations/institutions, List of reference tables - Psychology, List of reference tables - Sociology, List of reference tables - Vocational, List of reference tables - Technology, List of reference tables - Architecture and civil engineering, List of reference tables - Computing and the internet, List of reference tables - Electronics, List of reference tables - Engineering, List of reference tables - Military, List of reference tables - Space exploration, List of reference tables - Transportation

Read more here: » List of reference tables: Encyclopedia II - List of reference tables - Philosophy and religion