Key punches made a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as characters were punched. Key punch - IBM 024. Basic keypunch with no printing. Logic was 25L6 vacuum tubes and relays. The circuits used 150VDC, which was present in the keyboard (you did NOT want to spill a drink on it!) Key punch - IBM 026. This key punch could print the encoded character above each column. There were two popular versions with slightly different character sets. The scientific version printed ...

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Key punch, Key punch - Post-WW II IBM Key punches for 80-column cards, Key punch - IBM 024, Key punch - IBM 026, Key punch - IBM 029, Key punch - IBM 129

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The letter M represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound, IPA [m], in Classical languages as well as the modern languages. It derives its shape from the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem originally pictured water, in all probability. The Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that 'm' is sometimes a vowel in words like spasm and in the suffix -ism. In modern terminology this would be described as a syllabic consonant — IPA [m̩]. The Latin letter M derives from the Phoe ...

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M, M - History, M - Alternative representations, M - Computing, M - Meanings for M

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Kilo represents the letter K in the NATO phonetic alphabet. In international Morse code the letter K is DahDitDah: - · - In Braille the letter K is represented as ⠅ (in Unicode), the dot pattern, X. .. X. K - Computing. In Unicode the capital K is codepoint U+004B and the lowercase k is U+006B. The ASCII code for capital K is 75 and for lowercase k is 107; or in binary 01001011 and 01101011, correspondingly. The EBCDIC cod ...

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K, K - Alternative representations, K - Computing, K - Meanings for K

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In English, L can have several values, depending on whether it occurs before or after a vowel. The alveolar lateral approximant (IPA [l]) occurs before a vowel, as in lip or please, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA [ɫ]) occurs in bell and milk (see Dark L). This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use L, and is also a factor making L difficult to pronounce for users of languages such as Japanese or Chinese that either lack or h ...

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L, L - History, L - Usage, L - Alternative representations, L - Computing, L - Things named L, L - Things abbreviated as L, L - Alternate meanings for the symbol L

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J was originally a capital of I. Petrus Ramus (d. 1572) was the first to make a distinction between I and J. Originally, both I and J were pronounced (see IPA) as [i], [i:], and [j]; but Romance languages developed new sounds (from former [j] and [g]) that came to be represented as I and J; therefore, English J (from French J) has a ...

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J, J - History, J - Alternative representations, J - Computing, J - Meanings for J, J - Meanings for j, J - Regional meanings

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F developed from the digraph FH that stood for /f/. The Etruscans were the inventors of this digraph; F on its own stood for /w/ in Etruscan as in Greek (where the letter F, called Digamma in Greek, has disappeared due to the fact that the /w/ phoneme itself disappeared.) The origin of F is the Semitic letter wâw that also represented /w/ and originally probably represented a hook or a club. The minuscule f is not to be confused with ſ, the archaic long s (or medial s). For example, "sinfuln ...

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F, F - History, F - Phonetic use, F - Codes for computing, F - Ligatures, F - Meanings for F, F - Variants of F

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In English and most other European languages, P is a voiceless bilabial plosive (/p/ in the IPA). A common digraph in English is "ph", which represents the voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, and is commonly used to transliterate Phi ( φ ) in loanwords from Greek. Both initial and final P can be combined with many other discrete consonants in English words. A common example of assimilation is the tendency of prefixes ending in N to become M before P (such as "in" + "pulse" → "impulse" — see also List of Lati ...

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P, P - Phonetic use, P - Alternative representations, P - Computing, P - Meanings for P

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In Unicode the capital S is codepoint U+0053 and the lowercase s is U+0073. The ASCII code for capital S is 83 and for lowercase s is 115; or in binary 01010011 and 01110011, correspondingly. The EBCDIC code for capital S is 226 and for lowercase s is 162. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "S" and "s" for upper and lower case respectively. S is a statistical programming langu ...

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S, S - Codes for computing, S - Meanings for S, S - Similar letters and symbols, S - External link

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Tango represents the letter T in the NATO phonetic alphabet. In international Morse code the letter T is Dah: - In Braille the letter T is represented as ⠞ (in Unicode), the dot pattern: .X XX X. T - Computing. In Unicode the capital T is codepoint U+0054 and the lowercase t is U+0074. The ASCII code for capital T is 84 and for lowercase t is 116; or in binary 01010100 and 01110100, correspondingly. The EBCDIC code ...

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T, T - Alternative representations, T - Computing, T - Meanings for T

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Uniform represents the letter U in the NATO phonetic alphabet, and, alphabetically in English, the last of the vowels. In international Morse code the letter U is DitDitDah: · · - In Braille the letter U is represented as ⠥ (in Unicode), the dot pattern: X. .. XX U - Computing. In Unicode the capital U is codepoint U+0055 and the lowercase u is U+0075. The ASCII code for capital U is 85 and for lowercase u is 117; or in binary 01010101 and 01110101, correspondingly. The EBCDIC code ...

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U, U - Alternative representations, U - Computing, U - Meanings for U

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Various proprietary extensions appeared on non-EBCDIC mainframe and mini-computers, especially in universities. Commodore microcomputers added many graphic symbols to their non-standard ASCII (PETSCII, based on the original ASCII standard of 1963). IBM introduced eight-bit extended ASCII codes on the original IBM PC and later produced variations for different languages and cultures. IBM called such character sets code pages and assigned numbers to both those they themselves invented as well as many invented and used by other manufactu ...

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Extended ASCII, Extended ASCII - Motives for extending, Extended ASCII - Proprietary extensions, Extended ASCII - ISO 8859 and proprietary adaptions, Extended ASCII - Input methods, Extended ASCII - Character set confusion, Extended ASCII - Unicode

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The miniscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today. Another miniscule, the r rotunda, kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the 18th century. ...

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R, R - Miniscule, R - Alternative representations, R - Computing, R - Meanings for R, R - Pronunciation of R

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The underlying programming problem was quite real. In the 1960s, computer memory and storage were scarce and expensive, and most data processing was done on punch cards which represented text data in 80-column records. Programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their ASCII or EBCDIC representations. They occasionally used an extra bit called a "zone punch" to save one character for a minus sign on a negative number, or compressed two digits into one byte in a form called binary-coded decimal, but otherwise ...

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Year 2000 problem, Year 2000 problem - Background, Year 2000 problem - The programming problem, Year 2000 problem - Public reaction to the problem, Year 2000 problem - Reported errors, Year 2000 problem - Before the year 2000, Year 2000 problem - Midnight, Year 2000 problem - Pros and cons, Year 2000 problem - Y2K trivia, Year 2000 problem - Facts and rumours, Year 2000 problem - Quotes, Year 2000 problem - Calm, Year 2000 problem - Panic, Year 2000 problem - Y2K in pop culture

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In most modern languages, Q is rather superfluous; in Romance and Germanic languages it appears almost exclusively in the digraph QU. In English this digraph most often denotes the cluster /kw/, as it does in Italian (where [w] is an allophone of /u/); in German, /kv/; and in French, Spanish, and Catalan, /k/. (In Spanish and in ...

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Q, Q - Usage, Q - Alternative representations, Q - Computing, Q - Meanings for Q, Q - Q trivia

Read more here: » Q: Encyclopedia II - Q - Usage

The underlying programming problem was quite real. In the 1960s, computer memory and storage were scarce and expensive, and most data processing was done on punch cards which represented text data in 80-column records. Programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their ASCII or EBCDIC representations. They occasionally used an extra bit called a "zone punch" to save one character for a minus sign on a negative number, or compressed two digits into one byte in a form called binary-coded decimal, but otherwise ...

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Year 2000 problem, Year 2000 problem - Background, Year 2000 problem - The programming problem, Year 2000 problem - Public reaction to the problem, Year 2000 problem - What actually happened, Year 2000 problem - Before the year 2000, Year 2000 problem - During the year, Year 2000 problem - Y2K trivia, Year 2000 problem - Factoids, Year 2000 problem - Quotes, Year 2000 problem - Y2K in pop culture

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The Semitic letter ח (khêt) probably represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (IPA /ħ/). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence. The early Greek H stood for /h/, but later on this letter eta (Η, η) stood for /ɛ:/. In Modern Greek this phoneme fell together with /i/, similar to the English development ...

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H, H - History, H - Usage in English, H - Usage in French, H - Usage in German, H - Alternative representations, H - Computing, H - Meanings for H

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The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today. Another minuscule, the r rotunda, kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the 18th century. ...

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R, R - Minuscule, R - Codes for computing, R - Meanings for R, R - Pronunciation of R

Read more here: » R: Encyclopedia II - R - Minuscule

In RS-232, data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. Each circuit only operates in one direction, that is, singalling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing wit ...

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RS-232, RS-232 - Scope of the standard, RS-232 - History, RS-232 - Limitations of the standard, RS-232 - Role in modern computing, RS-232 - Standard details, RS-232 - Voltage levels, RS-232 - Connectors, RS-232 - Cables, RS-232 - Seldom used features, RS-232 - Signal rate selection, RS-232 - Loopback testing, RS-232 - Timing signals, RS-232 - Secondary channel, RS-232 - Related standards, RS-232 - Related Wikibooks

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The letter A probably started as a pictogram of an ox head in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1600 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew aleph. The name is also similar to the Arabic alif. When the Ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for the glottal stop that the letter had denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, so they used the sign for the vowel See also:

A, A - A, A - History, A - Usage, A - Alternative representations, A - Computing, A - Meanings for A

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In some contexts, especially computer storage and communication, it makes sense to distinguish a character repertoire (a full set of abstract characters that a system supports) from a coded character set or character encoding (which specifies how to represent characters from that set using a number of integer codes). In earlier days of computing, the introduction of character repertoires such as ASCII (1963) and EBCDIC (1964) began the process of standardisation. The limitations of such sets soon became apparent, ...

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Character encoding, Character encoding - Character repertoire, Character encoding - Encoding forms and encoding schemes, Character encoding - Popular character encodings

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The letter B probably started as a pictogram of the floorplan of a house in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1500 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms, which appeared in both the angular and more rounded forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew beth. When the Ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they changed its name to beta and turned the letter upside-down and later added a second loop. In earlier Greek inscriptions, the l ...

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B, B - History, B - Typography, B - Usage, B - Alternative representations, B - Computing, B - Meanings for B

Read more here: » B: Encyclopedia II - B - History

The underlying programming problem was quite real. In the 1960s, computer memory and storage were scarce and expensive, and most data processing was done on punch cards which represented text data in 80-column records. Programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their ASCII or EBCDIC representations. They occasionally used an extra bit called a "zone punch" to save one character for a minus sign on a negative number, or compressed two digits into one byte in a form called binary-coded decimal, but otherwise ...

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Year 2000 problem, Year 2000 problem - Background, Year 2000 problem - The programming problem, Year 2000 problem - Public reaction to the problem, Year 2000 problem - What actually happened, Year 2000 problem - Before the year 2000, Year 2000 problem - During the year, Year 2000 problem - Y2K trivia, Year 2000 problem - Facts, Year 2000 problem - Quotes, Year 2000 problem - Y2K in pop culture

Read more here: » Year 2000 problem: Encyclopedia II - Year 2000 problem - The programming problem