The letter F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ef, spelled eff when used as a verb. On keyboards, often the F and J keys (or occasionally the D and K keys) have a raised dot or bar on their surface, perceptible to the touch, to assist in typing, especially for the blind. All other keys can be found with their relative positions around these two keys as the index finger normally rests on F and J keys (or the middle finger in the case of D and K). F - Hi ...

Including:

• F - History
• F - Phonetic use
• F - Alternative representations
• F - Computing
• F - Ligatures
• F - Meanings for F
• F - Variants of F

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H is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, this symbol is used to represent two sounds. Its lowercase form, [h], represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and its small capital form, [ʜ], represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative. H - History. The Semitic letter ח (khêt) probably represented the voic ...

Including:

• H - History
• H - Usage in English
• H - Usage in French
• H - Usage in German
• H - Alternative representations
• H - Computing
• H - Meanings for H

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In computer programming and some branches of mathematics, strings are sequences of various simple objects. These simple objects are selected from a predetermined set, each entry of which is usually allocated a code. Most commonly these simple objects will be printable characters and the control codes that are used with them. The data types in which these are stored are also called strings and it is fairly common to use these types to store arbitrary, variable-length sequences of binary data. Generally, a string can be placed directly ...

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• String computer science - String datatypes
• String computer science - Representations
• String computer science - Memory management
• String computer science - String algorithms
• String computer science - String oriented languages and utilities
• String computer science - Formal theory

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The letter B is the second letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is bee. B - History. The letter B probably started as a pictogram of the floorplan of a house in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1500 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms, which appeared in both the angular and more rounded forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew beth. When the Ancient Greeks adopte ...

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• B - History
• B - Typography
• B - Usage
• B - Alternative representations
• B - Computing
• B - Meanings for B

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A character encoding consists of a code that pairs a set of characters (representations of graphemes or grapheme-like units, such as might appear in an alphabet or syllabary for the communication of a natural language) with a set of something else, such as numbers or electrical pulses, in order to facilitate the storage of text in computers and the transmission of text through telecommunication networks. Common examples include Morse code, which encodes letters of the Latin alphabet as series of long and short depressions of a telegraph key; and ASCII, which encodes letters, numerals, and other symbols, both as ...

Including:

• Character encoding - Character repertoire
• Character encoding - Encoding forms and encoding schemes
• Character encoding - Popular character encodings

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The year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem and the millennium bug) was a common practice (not a flaw) in computer program design that caused some date-related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after January 1, 2000. It turned into a major fear that critical industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at 12:00 AM, January 1, 2000, and at other critical dates which were billed as "event horizons". This fear was fueled by huge amounts of pres ...

Including:

• Year 2000 problem - Background
• Year 2000 problem - The programming problem
• Year 2000 problem - Public reaction to the problem
• Year 2000 problem - What actually happened
• Year 2000 problem - Before the year 2000
• Year 2000 problem - During the year
• Year 2000 problem - Y2K trivia
• Year 2000 problem - Factoids
• Year 2000 problem - Quotes
• Year 2000 problem - Y2K in pop culture

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Code page is the traditional IBM term used for a specific character encoding table: a mapping in which a sequence of bits, usually a single octet representing integer values 0 through 255, is associated with a specific character. Code page - Background. A few code pages use more than 8 bits per character and thus encode more than 256 characters. The term cmap (character map) is used in technical documentation on Macintosh platforms. Although IBM created and maintained many code pages, the term ...

Including:

• Code page - Background
• Code page - Relationship to ASCII
• Code page - Partial list of IBM code pages
• Code page - Other code pages of note
• Code page - Microsoft code pages
• Code page - Private code pages

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UNIX System Services (USS) is a component of z/OS. USS is a certified UNIX implementation (XPG4 UNIX 95) optimized for mainframe architecture. It is the first UNIX 95 which was not derived from the AT&T source code. Through integration with the rest of z/OS, additional time share option (TSO) commands are available alongside the usual Unix services, making it possible to process Unix files using ISPF. Extensions in J ...

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Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. Such characters may be rendered as boxes, question marks, or other replacement symbols, depending on your browser, operating system, and installed fonts. Even if you have ensured that your browser is interpreting the article as UTF-8 encoded and you have installed a font that supports a wide range of Unicode, such as Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Lu ...

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• Unicode - Origin and development
• Unicode - Scripts covered
• Unicode - Trivia
• Unicode - Mapping and encodings
• Unicode - Standard
• Unicode - Storage transfer and processing
• Unicode - Ready-made versus composite characters
• Unicode - Issues
• Unicode - Unicode in use
• Unicode - Operating systems
• Unicode - E-mail
• Unicode - Web
• Unicode - Fonts
• Unicode - Multilingual text-rendering engines
• Unicode - Input methods

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Originally, carriage return was the term for the lever or mechanism on a typewriter that would cause the cylinder on which the paper was held (the carriage) to return to the left side of the paper after a line of text had been typed, and would usually move the paper to the next line as well. When electric typewriters were introduced, a key for this was provided and was usually labelled "carriage return" or "return". To improve the keyboard for non-English-speakers, the symbol ↵ was introduced to mark this key, since this graphic could ...

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• Carriage return - Summary

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W is the twenty-third letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is double-u. The earliest form of the letter W was a doubled V used in the 7th century by the earliest writers of Old English; it is from this <uu> digraph that the modern name "double U" comes. This digraph was not extensively used, the sound usually being represented instead by the runic wynn (Ƿ), but W gained popularity after the Norman Conquest, and by 1300 ...

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• W - Alternative representations
• W - Computing
• W - Meanings for W

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V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is vee. Like F and the Greek letter Upsilon (also spelled Ypsilon), V evolved from the Phoenician letter Waw. In Etruscan it was simplified to V and had the sound value /u/, but since F came to represent /f/ in Latin rather than /w/, the Romans used V for both /w/ and /u/, as in EQVVS. In some Roman handwriting styles, it was written as a modern uppercase V, while in others like uncial it resembled modern lowercase uIncluding:

• V - Alternative representations
• V - Computing
• V - Meanings for V

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The Baudot code, named after its inventor Émile Baudot, is a character set predating EBCDIC and ASCII and used originally and primarily on teleprinters. Baudot's original code, developed around 1874 is known as International Telegraph Alphabet No 1, and is no longer used. It was sent using a five-key keyboard where each key represented one bit of the five state signal. A mechanical wiper would scan the keyboard state and unlock the keys ...

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Binary-coded decimal (BCD) is, after character encodings, the most common way of encoding decimal digits in computing and in electronic systems. In BCD, a digit is usually represented by four (binary) bits, of which the leftmost (written conventionally) has value 8, and the remaining three have values 4, 2, and 1. Many other ways of encoding ten values in four bits have been used, but in general only the combinations of bits which have values in the range 0-9 are valid. (Other combinations are sometimes used for sign or ...

Including:

• Binary-coded decimal - Basics
• Binary-coded decimal - BCD in electronics
• Binary-coded decimal - Higher-density encoding
• Binary-coded decimal - IBM and BCD
• Binary-coded decimal - Background
• Binary-coded decimal - Legal history
• Binary-coded decimal - Comparison with pure binary
• Binary-coded decimal - Advantages
• Binary-coded decimal - Disadvantages

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The term binary code can mean several different things: There are a variety of different methods of coding numbers or symbols into strings of bits, including fixed-length binary numbers, prefix codes such as Huffman codes, and other coding techniques including arithmetic coding. binary and text files on computers are represented as binary codes and characters within text files can be represented by any of a number of character code sy

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Computer files can be divided into two broad categories: binary and text. Text files are files which contain ordinary textual characters with essentially no formatting; binary files are all other files. Or, rather, text files are a special case of binary files, since any file is fundamentally a sequence of bits, and many computer components (for example, all hard disk circuitry and most system software) make no distinction between file types. However, a large percentage of application programs can understand and use text files ...

Including:

• Binary and text files - Text files
• Binary and text files - Binary files
• Binary and text files - Related Links

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U is the twenty-first letter of the modern Latin alphabet. U was originally a positional variant of the letter V, as J was of I, used only in lower-case writing and only medially, and representing both the vowels now written with U and the consonants now written with V. The use of the two forms to distinguish the consonants and vowels which they now represent was not standardised until modern times. U - Alternative representations. Uniform represents the letter U in the NATO phonetic alphabet, ...

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• U - Alternative representations
• U - Computing
• U - Meanings for U

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I is the ninth letter in the Latin alphabet. I - History. The letter I derived from the Greek iota (Ι, ι). It stood for the vowel /i/, the same as in the Old Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modern Greek) /j/ (as English Y in YOKE) was added. In Semitic, /j/ was the usual sound value of Jôd (probably originally a pictogram for an arm with hand), /i/ only in foreign words. In English, I represents different sounds, among them a diphthong that developed from /i:/ as well as short, open /I/ as in BIL ...

Including:

• I - History
• I - Alternative representations
• I - Computing
• I - Meanings for I

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X is the twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ex (/ɛks/). In phonetics, x is the IPA and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless velar fricative (IPA is used for pronunciation throughout this article). The consonant cluster /ks/ was in Ancient Greece written as Chi 'Χ' (Western Greek) or Xi 'Ξ' (Eastern Greek). In the end, Chi was standardized as Including:

• X - Codes for computing
• X - Meanings for X

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S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ess, or es- in compounds such as es-hook. In most writing systems that use the Latin alphabet, as well as the International Phonetic Alphabet, the letter [s] corresponds to a voiceless alveolar sibilant. Semitic Šîn (šimš sun/uraeus) was pronounced as the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (like the sound of the letters sh in ship). Greek di ...

Including:

• S - Codes for computing
• S - Meanings for S
• S - Similar letters and symbols
• S - External link

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Y is the twenty-fifth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is wy, sometimes spelled wye. See V. In Ancient Greek Υψιλον (Ypsilon) was pronounced IPA [u], later on [y], now [i]. The Romans borrowed Y directly from the Greek, because they felt that V no longer adequately represented Greek [y]. The letter Y was used in Old English, as in Latin, with the value [y]; however, some think that this use was an independent invention in England created by stacking a V and an I, unrelated to the Lati ...

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• Y - Codes for computing
• Y - Meanings of Y

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