EBCDIC

The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code is the IBM mainframe counterpart of ASCII, the American Standard Code For Interchange of Information. On the PC side, the 8" diskette disappeared with the TRS-80 Model II Business Computer; the 5-1/4" diskette became the IBM PC standard in 1981 and the 3-1/2" diskette became the standard with the 286-based PC in 1984. But if you really want to make it difficult to convert your computer da ...

See also:

System/34, System/34 - Physical Appearance And Requirements, System/34 - THE FOUR LIGHTS, System/34 - CRAZY ACRONYMS., System/34 - SSP - System Support Product, System/34 - F1 I1 S1-S3 and M1.01 - M2.10, System/34 - EBCDIC, System/34 - SDA - Screen Design Aid, System/34 - SORT - The system sort utility, System/34 - SEU - Source Entry Utility, System/34 - Terminals Displays Screens Workstations and Monitors, System/34 - IBM Colors, System/34 - Programming IBM Colors, System/34 - The Five Lights, System/34 - Configuring Your Devices, System/34 - Dipswitches, System/34 - Setting the Address, System/34 - Configuring Using CNFIGSSP, System/34 - Processors, System/34 - Memory and Disk, System/34 - Printers, System/34 - SSP The System/34 Operating System, System/34 - System Security, System/34 - Files And Libraries, System/34 - Disk Space Metrics, System/34 - Program Sizes, System/34 - Caching, System/34 - SPOOLING, System/34 - The Need For Spooling, System/34 - How Spooling Works, System/34 - When You Can't Spool, System/34 - Forms Numbers, System/34 - ALIGNMENT, System/34 - More Crazy Acronyms - MRTs SRTs NRTs NEPs and NOPs, System/34 - Language Compilers, System/34 - Other Object Types, System/34 - Did I Have To Program?, System/34 - Popular System/34 Applications, System/34 - System/34 Magazines, System/34 - Migrating to the System/36

Read more here: » System/34: Encyclopedia II - System/34 - EBCDIC

EBCDIC code pages and ASCII-based code pages are incompatible with each other. Since computers only understand numbers, these codepages assign a character to these numbers. The same byte values are interpreted as a different characters depending on the codepage used. Data stored in EBCDIC require a code page conversion before the text can be viewed on ASCII based machines, like a personal computer. A single EBCDIC byte occupies eight bits, which are divided in two halves or nibbles. The first four bits is called the zone and represent the category of the character, whereas the last four bits is called the di ...

See also:

EBCDIC, EBCDIC - History, EBCDIC - Technical details, EBCDIC - Codepage layout

Read more here: » EBCDIC: Encyclopedia II - EBCDIC - Technical details

As of 2006, there are lots of .txt formats currently in use. They may differ on which language they are intended for, on formatting characters semantics, on amount of bits characters require, etc. For writing English text, the format used is called ASCII. For writing text in many languages, there's a collection of Unicode-based formats, like UTF-8 and UTF-16. If one is using and old Macintosh, then the newline command is associated to the ASCII character number 13. If one is using Unix, then the ASCII character is number 10. If, instead, the person using an IBM Mainframe, the ...

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.txt, .txt - History, .txt - Plain text versus .txt, .txt - Current specifications for the .txt format, .txt - Standard Windows .txt files, .txt - Standard Mac .txt files, .txt - Standard Unix .txt files

Read more here: » .txt: Encyclopedia II - .txt - Current specifications for the .txt format

O is the fifteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is o, plural o's or oes. O - History. The letter was derived from the Semitic 'Ajin (eye) which represented a consonant, probably the pharyngeal consonant (IPA ʕ) similar to the Arabic letter ع called 'Ajn', but in Greek (Omicron), Etruscan and Latin it came to be used for the vowel /o/. O ...

Including:

• O - History
• O - Usage
• O - Alternative representations
• O - Distinguishing O from zero
• O - Meanings for O

Read more here: » O: Encyclopedia - O

The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a, plural ās or aes. A - History. The letter A probably started as a pictogram of an ox head in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet. By 1600 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew aleph. The name is also similar to the Arabic alif. When the Ancient Greeks ad ...

Including:

• A - A
• A - History
• A - Usage
• A - Alternative representations
• A - Meanings for A

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ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII, ANS X3.4, largely endorses existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry's network. During the 1960s, there was debate regarding whether character encoding standards (at either the national or international levels) for computers should follow 1) existing practice in the telecommunications industry (which was largely paper-tape based, but which was commonly transmitted on-line digitally over wires) or, conversely, 2) existing practice in the punched-card portio ...

See also:

ISO/IEC 646, ISO/IEC 646 - History, ISO/IEC 646 - National variants, ISO/IEC 646 - Variants of ASCII that are not ISO 646

Read more here: » ISO/IEC 646: Encyclopedia II - ISO/IEC 646 - History

L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el. L - History. The letter L is derived ultimately from the Semitic (crook/goad) which stood for the phonetic value /l/ as did the Greek letter Lambda Λ (upper case) or λ (lower case), as well as the equivalent Etruscan and Latin letters. In reference, it is spelled el or ell. L - Usage. In English, L can have several values, depending on whether it occurs before or ...

Including:

• L - History
• L - Usage
• L - Alternative representations
• L - Computing
• L - Things named L
• L - Things abbreviated as L
• L - Alternate meanings for the symbol L

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The eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet, K, or k comes from the Greek Κ or κ (Kappa) developed from the Semitic Kap, symbol for an open hand. The Semitic soundish value /k/ was maintained in most Classic as well as Modern Languages, although Latin abandoned K almost completely, preferring C. Therefore, the Romance languages have K only in foreign words. Its name in English is kay. In the International phonetic alphabet, [k] is the symbol for the voiceless velar plosive. K - Alternative re ...

Including:

• K - Alternative representations
• K - Computing
• K - Meanings for K

Read more here: » K: Encyclopedia - K

M is the thirteenth letter of the latin alphabet. Its name in English is em. M is also the title of a 1931 film by Fritz Lang, and its 1951 remake. M is also the name of a now-defunct professional videocassette format developed by Matsushita and RCA. M also is a pop band known from the synthpop hit Pop Muzik. M - History. The letter M represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound, IPA [m], in Classi ...

Including:

• M - History
• M - Alternative representations
• M - Computing
• M - Meanings for M

Read more here: » M: Encyclopedia - M

P is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is pee. Semitic Pê (mouth) as well as Greek Π or π (Pi) and the Etruscan and Latin letters that developed from the former alphabet all symbolized /p/, a plosive, unvoiced consonant. Those who speak Arabic usually have difficulty pronouncing this sound; they pronounce it like b instead. P - Phonetic use. In English and most other European languages, P is a voiceless bilabial plosive (Including:

• P - Phonetic use
• P - Alternative representations
• P - Computing
• P - Meanings for P

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The letter J is the tenth of the Latin alphabet; it was the last to be added to that alphabet. Its name in English is jay. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [j] represents the palatal approximant. It is also the only letter not to appear in the Periodic Table. On keyboards, the F and J keys generally have a raised bar (perceptible to the touch) over them to assist in touch typing. All other keys can be found with their relative positions around these two keys as the index finger is generally ...

Including:

• J - History
• J - Alternative representations
• J - Computing
• J - Meanings for J
• J - Meanings for j
• J - Regional meanings

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Q is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is cue, occasionally spelled cu. The Semitic sound value of Qôp (perhaps originally qaw cord) was /q/ (voiceless uvular plosive). In Greek this sign as Qoppa Ϙ probably came to represent several labialized velar plosives, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/. These sounds changed to < ...

Including:

• Q - Usage
• Q - Alternative representations
• Q - Computing
• Q - Meanings for Q
• Q - Q trivia

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R is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ar [ɑːɹ]. Semitic Rêš (the head) developed into Greek Ρ ῥῶ (Rhô) and Latin R. The Latin and Etruscan forms of the letter added an extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the Greek Pi. See rhotic consonant, r-colored vowel, and guttural R for ...

Including:

• R - Miniscule
• R - Alternative representations
• R - Computing
• R - Meanings for R
• R - Pronunciation of R

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N is the fourteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is en. Semitic Nûn was probably the picture of a snake; the sound value of the letter was /n/ - as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin and all modern languages. Greek name: Nυ, Ny. N - Usage. N serves as an alveolar nasal in virtually all languages that use the Latin alphabet. A common digraph with N is NG, which produces a velar nasal in a variety of languages, usually final in English. Aspirated forms NH and NGH are sometim ...

Including:

• N - Usage
• N - Alternative representations
• N - Computing
• N - Meanings for N

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The letter D is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is dee. D - History. The Semitic letter Dâlet probably developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. In Semitic, Ancient Greek (Modern Greek /ð/) and Latin the letter was pronounced /d/, in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still maintained (see letter B). Greek letter: Δ (capital) or δ (small) (Delta). The minuscule (lower-case) form of D, consisting of a loop and a tall vertical stroke, de ...

Including:

• D - History
• D - Usage
• D - Alternative representations
• D - Computing
• D - Meanings for D

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C (lowercase c) is the third letter of the Roman alphabet. Its name in English is cee. In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek Γ (Gamma) was used to represent /k/. In the beginning, the Romans used C for both /k/ and /g/, only later adding a horizontal bar at right-center to produce G. It is possible but uncertain that C represented only /g/ at an even earlier time, while K might have been used for /k/. Some scholars claim that the Semitic ג (gîmel) pictured a camel, but most assume it was probably < ...

Including:

• C - Phonetic use
• C - Alternative representations
• C - Computing
• C - Meanings for C

Read more here: » C: Encyclopedia - C

T is the twentieth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is tee. Tâw was the last letter of the Western Semitic alphabet — and of the Hebrew alphabet. The sound value of Semitic Taw, Greek alphabet Tαυ (Tau), and Old Italic alphabet and Latin T was IPA /t/. T - Alternative representations. Tango represents the letter T in the NATO phonetic alphabet. In international Morse code the letter T is Da ...

Including:

• T - Alternative representations
• T - Computing
• T - Meanings for T

Read more here: » T: Encyclopedia - T

Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a science that deals with the original sense of computing mathematical calculations. "Computing" has come to mean the operation and usage of computing machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computing hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them (computer science). The following definition of computing is gi ...

Including:

• Computing - Science and theory
• Computing - Hardware
• Computing - Instruction-level taxonomies
• Computing - Software
• Computing - History of computing
• Computing - Business computing
• Computing - Human factors
• Computing - Computer security
• Computing - Data
• Computing - Numeric data
• Computing - Character data
• Computing - Other data topics
• Computing - Mechatronics
• Computing - Classes of computers
• Computing - Companies - current
• Computing - Companies - historic
• Computing - Professional organizations
• Computing - Standards organizations and consortia
• Computing - Miscellaneous

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The letter E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. E - History. E is derived from the Greek letter epsilon which is much the same in appearance (Ε, ε) and function. The Semitic hê probably first represented a praying or calling human figure (hillul jubilation). In Semitic, the letter was pronounced /h/ (in foreign words also /e/), in Greek hê became Εψιλον (Epsilon) with the value /e/. Etruscans and Romans followed this usage. Due to the Great Vowel S ...

Including:

• E - History
• E - Usage
• E - Alternative representations
• E - Computing
• E - Meanings for E

Read more here: » E: Encyclopedia - E

G is the seventh letter in the Roman alphabet. Its name in English is gee. G - History. The letter G was created by the Romans because they felt that C was not an adequate letter to represent both /k/ and /g/. The alleged inventor is a known historical figure, Spurius Carvilius Ruga (who flourished around 230 BC). G, which at this time took the place in the alphabet formerly held by Z, came to represent the sound /g/. As the sound /k/ did, /g/ also developed palatal and velar all ...

Including:

• G - History
• G - Usage
• G - Alternative representations
• G - Computing
• G - Meanings for G

Read more here: » G: Encyclopedia - G