As of 2005, E85 is frequently sold for a 0 to 35% lower cost than gasoline. Much of this discount can be attributed to various government subsidies, and, at least in the United States, the elimination of state taxes that typically apply to gasoline and can amount to 47 cents, or more, per gallon of fuel. The federal tax exemption that keeps ethanol economically competitive with petroleum fuel products is due to expire in 2007, but this exemption may be extended through legislative action. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the pr ...

See also:

E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

Read more here: » E85: Encyclopedia II - E85 - Cost

See also:

E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

Read more here: » E85: Encyclopedia II - E85 - Experimental use in standard engines

The fuel is widely used in Sweden and is becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop and is the primary source material for ethanol fuel production. Minnesota has the largest number of E85 fuel pumps of any U.S. state, with 158 of the 400+ pumps in the country. As of July 2005, Illinois has the second-greatest number of E85 pumps (about 60); most other states have fewer than two dozen. Even in Minnesota, the ethanol pumps represent a tiny fraction of the fuel outlets—there are about 4 ...

See also:

E85, E85 - Availability, E85 - Cost, E85 - Use in Flexible-fuel engines, E85 - Experimental use in standard engines, E85 - Risks of use in standard engines, E85 - After-market Conversion Kits and conversions, E85 - Technical details on Air Fuel Ratios required for burning E85 gasoline and ethanol, E85 - Examples of currently-produced E85 flexible fuel vehicles, E85 - Europe, E85 - USA, E85 - Brazil

Read more here: » E85: Encyclopedia II - E85 - Availability

Gasoline is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production. Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gasoline, will not meet the required specifications (in particular octane rating; see below) for modern engines, but these streams will form part of the blend. The bulk of a typical gasoline consi ...

Including:

• Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production
• Gasoline - Volatility
• Gasoline - Octane rating
• Gasoline - Dangers
• Gasoline - Energy content
• Gasoline - Additives
• Gasoline - Lead
• Gasoline - MMT
• Gasoline - Oxygenate blending
• Gasoline - History
• Gasoline - Pharmaceutical
• Gasoline - Etymology
• Gasoline - World War II and octane
• Gasoline - Current use
• Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia - Gasoline

Bioalcohol is alcohol obtained from biological sources, not from petroleum. Examples include methanol and ethanol. It is used most often as a blend of biofuel with petroleum although some new cars are able to use BA100 (Bioalcohol 100%). Ethanol is commonly produced from corn in U.S. Midwest and BA10 is commonly available and in some places mandated (though the prefix E is commo ...

Read more here: » Bioalcohol: Encyclopedia - Bioalcohol

William Clay (Bill) Ford Jr. (born May 3, 1957) is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ford Motor Company. William Clay Ford Jr. - Background. He was born in Detroit, Michigan, the great-grandson of Henry Ford. His father is William Clay Ford, Sr., and his mother was Martha Parke Firestone, the granddaughter of Harvey Firestone. He graduated from Princeton University in 1979, having majored in history and served as president of The Ivy Club. In 1984 he received an SM in Management from the MIT Sloan ...

Including:

• William Clay Ford Jr. - Background
• William Clay Ford Jr. - Early career
• William Clay Ford Jr. - Corporate governance
• William Clay Ford Jr. - Notable acts and events
• William Clay Ford Jr. - Green credentials questioned

Read more here: » William Clay Ford Jr.: Encyclopedia - William Clay Ford Jr.

The use of ethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines, either alone or in combination with other fuels, has been given much attention mostly because of its possible environmental and long-term economical advantages over fossil fuel. Both ethanol and methanol have been considered for this purpose. While both can be obtained from petroleum or natural gas, ethanol may be the most interesting because many believe it to be a renewable resource, easily obtained from sugar or starch in crops and other agricultural produce such ...

Including:

• Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels
• Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution
• Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols
• Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen
• Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources
• Ethanol fuel - Economics of corn ethanol in the U.S.A.
• Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance
• Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States
• Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms
• Ethanol fuel - Air pollution
• Ethanol fuel - Fire safety
• Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases
• Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource
• Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime
• Ethanol fuel - Statism
• Ethanol fuel - Cost
• Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia
• Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil
• Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia - Ethanol fuel

Alternative fuel cars refers to cars run on Alternative fuel; any method of powering an engine that does not involve petroleum. Alternative fuel cars - Air car. The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air as fuel that was invented by Guy Nègre, a French engineer. It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the othe ...

Including:

• Alternative fuel cars - Air car
• Alternative fuel cars - Alcohol
• Alternative fuel cars - Battery-electric
• Alternative fuel cars - Biodiesel
• Alternative fuel cars - Biogas
• Alternative fuel cars - Flexible fuel
• Alternative fuel cars - Hybrid
• Alternative fuel cars - Hydrogen
• Alternative fuel cars - Solar
• Alternative fuel cars - Steam
• Alternative fuel cars - See Also

Read more here: » Alternative fuel cars: Encyclopedia - Alternative fuel cars

A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the emissions from an internal combustion engine. Most commonly used in an automobile's exhaust system, catalytic converters are now commonly used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, and other machines that have engines to provide an environment for a chemical reaction where unburned hydrocarbons are more completely combusted. Automobile converters use platinum or palladium and rhodium as catalysts. Hence the combustion (redox) process continues, but o ...

Including:

• Catalytic converter - Purpose and function of catalytic converters
• Catalytic converter - Catalyst Poisoning
• Catalytic converter - Technical details
• Catalytic converter - Regulations
• Catalytic converter - Patents

Read more here: » Catalytic converter: Encyclopedia - Catalytic converter

Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode early ( pre-ignition pre-detonation) causing a damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging") noise. Early research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of the practice in the 1920s and hence ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - Additives

Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. These days, material that is simply separated from crude oil via distillation, called natural gasoline, will not meet the required specifications (in particular octane rating; see below) for modern engines, but these streams will form part of the blend. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule. The various refinery streams that are blended together to make gasoline all have different characteristics. Some important streams are ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production

Gasoline - Lead. The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite early (pre-ignition or detonation) causing a damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging") noise. Early research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of the practice in the 1920s and hence mo ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - Additives

Many of the non-aliphatic hydrocarbons naturally present in gasoline (especially aromatic ones like benzene), as well as many anti-knocking additives, are carcinogenic. Because of this, any large-scale or ongoing leaks of gasoline pose a threat to the public's health and the environment, should the gasoline reach a public supply of drinking water. The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extens ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - Dangers

Gasoline contains about 45 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg) or 135MJ/US gallon. Volumetric energy density of some fuels compared to gasoline: A high octane fuel such as LPG has a lower energy content than lower octane gasoline, resulting in an overall lower power output at the regular compression ratio an engine ran at on gasoline. However, with an engine tuned to the use of LPG (ie. via higher compression ratios such as 12:1 instead of 8:1), this lower power output can be overcome. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a ...

See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - Energy content

Gasoline - Pharmaceutical. Before internal combustion engines were invented in the mid-1800s, gasoline was sold in small bottles as a treatment against lice and their eggs. In those early times, the word "Petrol" was a trade name. This treatment method is no longer common, due to the inherent fire hazard and risk of dermatitis and that gasoline is a carcinogen where continued contact might develop cancerous growths. The word petrol may be derived from Old French pétrole, meaning petroleum: see Etymology. Petrol is also abused as a psychoactive inhalant. See also:

Gasoline, Gasoline - Chemical analysis and production, Gasoline - Volatility, Gasoline - Octane rating, Gasoline - Dangers, Gasoline - Energy content, Gasoline - Additives, Gasoline - Lead, Gasoline - MMT, Gasoline - Oxygenate blending, Gasoline - History, Gasoline - Pharmaceutical, Gasoline - Etymology, Gasoline - World War II and octane, Gasoline - Current use, Gasoline - Stability

Read more here: » Gasoline: Encyclopedia II - Gasoline - History

North American vehicles from approximately 1980 onward can run on 10% ethanol/90% gasoline (e.g., E10) with no modifications. Prior to 1980, many cars imported into the United States contained rubber, aluminium, and other materials that were generally non-compatible with any ethanol in their fuel delivery systems, and these cars experienced problems when E10 was first introduced. American made cars from the late 1970's onward can run on E10 with no modifications. E10 fuel ...

See also:

Flexible-fuel vehicle, Flexible-fuel vehicle - Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States, Flexible-fuel vehicle - Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil, Flexible-fuel vehicle - Flexible-fuel vehicles in Europe, Flexible-fuel vehicle - List of currently-produced flexible fuel vehicles, Flexible-fuel vehicle - Europe, Flexible-fuel vehicle - USA, Flexible-fuel vehicle - Brazil

Read more here: » Flexible-fuel vehicle: Encyclopedia II - Flexible-fuel vehicle - Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States

Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest. The so-called corn-belt in the Midwestern United States produces large amounts of corn. Sugars from this corn can be and are used to make ethanol. Minnesota has pioneered the use of ethanol fuel mixes in the United States, and currently all gasoline mixes must have 10% ethanol (90% gasoline) by volume. There are almost 200 gas stations in Minnesota that serve E85, which is a fuel mix of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.[12] In the US, there is ov ...

See also:

Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States

The 3.5 L versions of the High Value family use a 99 mm (3.9 in) bore and 76 mm (2.99 in) stroke for a total displacement of 3490 cc. GM High Value engine - LX9. The LX9 3500 is based on the 3400 V6. It incorporates electronic throttle control. It is used in the following vehicles: 2005 Buick Terraza/Chevrolet Uplander/Pontiac Montana/Saturn Relay 2005 Chevrolet Malibu/Chevrolet Malibu Maxx 2005 Pontiac G6 ...

See also:

GM High Value engine, GM High Value engine - 3.5, GM High Value engine - LX9, GM High Value engine - LZE, GM High Value engine - LZ4, GM High Value engine - 3.9, GM High Value engine - LZ8, GM High Value engine - LZ9

Read more here: » GM High Value engine: Encyclopedia II - GM High Value engine - 3.5

The Escape Hybrid uses independently-developed technology which is superficially similar to that used in Toyota's Prius, but which led Ford to license a number of Toyota patents to avoid any legal disputes. Ford recognized that Toyota's diesel engine designs were also similar to their own, and gave Toyota licenses for their diesel engines in exchange for the hybrid licenses. Both Ford and Toyota state that Ford received no Toyota technical assistance in developing the hybrid powertrain. Aisin AW, a Japanese automatic transmission manu ...

See also:

Ford Escape Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid - Development, Ford Escape Hybrid - Performance, Ford Escape Hybrid - Emissions

Read more here: » Ford Escape Hybrid: Encyclopedia II - Ford Escape Hybrid - Development

Thessaloniki did not have a superhighway until the 1970s. Thessaloniki is accessed with GR-1/E75 for Athens, GR-4, GR-2, Via Egnatia/E90 and GR-12/E85 for Serres and Sofia. In the 1970s, the superhighway reached Thessaloniki and was the last section of the GR-1 ever to be completed; another short section of the superhighway was also opened. In the 1980s, the 2-lane bypass of Thessaloniki began construction and was finally opened to traffic running from the west side up to the other side of Thessaloniki to its southeast approaching Thermi. In ...

See also:

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki - History, Thessaloniki - Hellenistic Era, Thessaloniki - Roman Era, Thessaloniki - Byzantine era and Middle Ages, Thessaloniki - Modern times, Thessaloniki - Historical population, Thessaloniki - Historical mayors, Thessaloniki - Economy, Thessaloniki - Festivals, Thessaloniki - Communications, Thessaloniki - Radio, Thessaloniki - Television, Thessaloniki - Transportation, Thessaloniki - Sport Clubs, Thessaloniki - Climate, Thessaloniki - Twinnings, Thessaloniki - Landmarks, Thessaloniki - Museums, Thessaloniki - Archaeological sites, Thessaloniki - Monuments, Thessaloniki - People, Thessaloniki - Bibliography

Read more here: » Thessaloniki: Encyclopedia II - Thessaloniki - Transportation