Dutch Republic

Before 1581, the area of the Low Countries consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and independent bishoprics, not all of them part of the Holy Roman Empire. Today that area is divided between the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and parts of France and Germany. The Low Countries in the 16th century roughly corresponded to the Seventeen Provinces covered by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. See Seventeen Provinces, for history and links to the earlier history of each of the provinces. For the southern provinces that did not secede from S ...

See also:

Dutch Republic, Dutch Republic - History, Dutch Republic - Politics

Read more here: » Dutch Republic: Encyclopedia II - Dutch Republic - History

William V, stadtholder of The Netherlands (March 8, 1748 – April 9, 1806), also known as William V of Orange, was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. He was the leader of the conservative faction. William V was born at The Hague, the son of William IV of Nassau and Anne, Princess Royal. He was only 3 years old when his father passed away in 1751. William V assumed the position of stadtholder (chief executive and military commander) in 1766 after a long regency. His regents were: Anne, his mo ...

Read more here: » William V Prince of Orange: Encyclopedia - William V Prince of Orange

The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. Its purpose was to redraw the continent's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France the previous spring. The discussions continued despite the ex-Emperor Napoleon I's return from exile and resumption of power in France in March 1815, and the Congress's Final Act was signed nine days before his ...

Including:

• Congress of Vienna - Participants
• Congress of Vienna - Waterloo campaign
• Congress of Vienna - Territorial changes
• Congress of Vienna - Polish-Saxon crisis
• Congress of Vienna - Other changes
• Congress of Vienna - Later criticism
• Congress of Vienna - Other meanings

Read more here: » Congress of Vienna: Encyclopedia - Congress of Vienna

United Provinces may refer to: Dutch Republic United Provinces (Low Countries); Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, now the Netherlands. United Provinces of Central America United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India); now Uttar Pradesh. United Provinces of South America or United Provinces of the River Plate, Argentina Other related archivesDutch Republic, India, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, United Provinces of Central America, United P

Read more here: » United Provinces: Encyclopedia - United Provinces

1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1640s - Events and Trends. The personal union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal ends due to a revolution in the latter (1640). Philip IV of Spain is succeeded in the throne of Portugal by King John IV, previously Duke of Braganza Growing conflict between King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and the Long Parliament results in the outbreak of the English civil wa ...

Including:

• 1640s - Events and Trends
• 1640s - World Leaders
• 1640s - Deaths

Read more here: » 1640s: Encyclopedia - 1640s

Breda is a municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. The rivers Mark and Aa come together here. The municipality of Breda consists of the following population centres: Bavel, Breda, De Rith, Effen, Eikberg, Ginneken, Hoeveneind, Kerkhoven, Kerkeind, Lies, Prinsenbeek, Roosberg, Zandberg, Strikberg, Teteringen, Ulvenhout. The rest of this article deals with the city of Breda alone. Breda - The city of Breda. Breda - Histor ...

Including:

• Breda - The city of Breda
• Breda - History
• Breda - Administration
• Breda - Economy
• Breda - Sights
• Breda - Transportation
• Breda - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Breda: Encyclopedia - Breda

The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings, was the opening conflict following the deposition of King James II in 1688 when he attempted to regain the throne of his Three Kingdoms from his daughter Mary II who replaced him jointly with her husband William of Orange. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland led by "Bonnie Dundee" which started at about the same time. While William successfu ...

Including:

• Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution
• Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster
• Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne
• Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War
• Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects
• Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia - Williamite war in Ireland

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar. 17th century - Events. 1601: Battle of Kinsale, the most important battle in Irish history, fought. 1602: Dutch East India Company founded. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age. 1603: Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England. 1603: Tokugawa Ieyas ...

Including:

• 17th century - Events
• 17th century - Significant people
• 17th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 17th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 17th century: Encyclopedia - 17th century

The Declaration of Independence is the document that founded the United States of America. In it, the United States Congress: declares the minimum rights that an equitable government must recognize, shows multiple instances of how the British Crown has failed to recognize these rights in regard to the Thirteen Colonies, and concludes that the Colonies are therefore "free and independent states." The document was unanimously ratified by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This anniversary is celebrated as Independence Day in the United States. The original sign ...

Including:

• Declaration of Independence United States - History
• Declaration of Independence United States - Background
• Declaration of Independence United States - Draft and Adoption
• Declaration of Independence United States - Distribution
• Declaration of Independence United States - Signatories
• Declaration of Independence United States - Annotated text of the Declaration
• Declaration of Independence United States - Introduction
• Declaration of Independence United States - Preamble
• Declaration of Independence United States - Indictment
• Declaration of Independence United States - Denunciation
• Declaration of Independence United States - Conclusion
• Declaration of Independence United States - Differences between draft and final versions
• Declaration of Independence United States - Analysis
• Declaration of Independence United States - Historical Influences
• Declaration of Independence United States - Philosophical background
• Declaration of Independence United States - Practical effects
• Declaration of Independence United States - Influence on other documents
• Declaration of Independence United States - Popular culture
• Declaration of Independence United States - Myths

Read more here: » Declaration of Independence United States: Encyclopedia - Declaration of Independence United States

The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer and ended the ...

Including:

• Thirty Years' War - Origins of the War
• Thirty Years' War - The Bohemian Revolt
• Thirty Years' War - Danish intervention
• Thirty Years' War - Swedish intervention
• Thirty Years' War - Swedish-French intervention
• Thirty Years' War - The Peace of Westphalia
• Thirty Years' War - Casualties and disease
• Thirty Years' War - Political consequences
• Thirty Years' War - List of battles in the Thirty Years' War

Read more here: » Thirty Years' War: Encyclopedia - Thirty Years' War

1648 - Ongoing events. English Civil War (1642-1649) 1648 - Births. January 1 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724) February 23 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730) April 4 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721) April 7 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721) April 9 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Ga ...

Including:

• 1648 - Events
• 1648 - Ongoing events
• 1648 - Births
• 1648 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1648: Encyclopedia - 1648

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland and Queen of Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, when England and Scotland combined into a single Kingdom, Anne became the first sovereign of Great Britain. She continued to reign until her death. Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart; she was succeeded by a distant cousin, George I, of the House of Hanover. Anne's life was marked by many crises relating to succession to the Crown. Her Roman Catholic father, James II, had been for ...

Including:

• Anne of Great Britain - Early life
• Anne of Great Britain - William and Mary
• Anne of Great Britain - Early reign
• Anne of Great Britain - Reign in Great Britain
• Anne of Great Britain - Later years
• Anne of Great Britain - Death
• Anne of Great Britain - Legacy
• Anne of Great Britain - Style and arms
• Anne of Great Britain - Issue

Read more here: » Anne of Great Britain: Encyclopedia - Anne of Great Britain

The Dutch Reformed Church is the main successor to the congregations which came into existence during the Reformation. In this age of religious violence, most leaders of the Dutch Reformed congregations fled abroad and the first synod of 23 dutch Reformed leaders was held in the German city of Emden in October 1571. The Synod of Emden is generally considered to be the starting point of the denomination. The first Synod on Dutch soil was held in Dordrecht in 1578. This synodal meeting is not to be confused with the better known "Second ...

See also:

Dutch Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed Church - Dutch Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed Church - History, Dutch Reformed Church - The Further Reformation, Dutch Reformed Church - The Regulation-Church, Dutch Reformed Church - The Twentieth Century, Dutch Reformed Church - Protestant Church in the Netherlands, Dutch Reformed Church - Controversies, Dutch Reformed Church - Dutch Reformed churches abroad

Read more here: » Dutch Reformed Church: Encyclopedia II - Dutch Reformed Church - History

Although the emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past, the degree of power exercised by the emperor of Japan has varied considerably throughout Japanese history. The earliest emperors recorded in Kojiki and Nihonshoki, such as Emperor Jimmu, are considered today to have no historical credibility. Historians think the first emperor who existed historically was Emperor Ōjin, but the time of his reign is uncertain. These two books state that the imperial house maintained a continuous lineage, though today some historians believe t ...

See also:

Emperor of Japan, Emperor of Japan - Roles, Emperor of Japan - History, Emperor of Japan - Post World War II, Emperor of Japan - Marriage traditions, Emperor of Japan - Naming, Emperor of Japan - Succession, Emperor of Japan - Origin

Read more here: » Emperor of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Emperor of Japan - History

For the earliest stages of the Dutch language (and so its literature), the boundaries with what is now considered German are vague, and some fragments and authors are claimed for both realms. Examples include the ninth-century Wachtendonk Psalms, a West Low Franconian translation of some of the Psalms on the threshold of what is considered Dutch, and the twelfth-century poet Henric van Veldeke, who is claimed by both Dutch and German literature. The earliest literature to be indisputably ...

See also:

Dutch literature, Dutch literature - Earliest stages 800–1550, Dutch literature - Renaissance and the Golden Age 1550–1670, Dutch literature - Decline 1670–1795, Dutch literature - The Nineteenth Century, Dutch literature - The Twentieth Century, Dutch literature - Interbellum and the Second World War 1920–1945, Dutch literature - Modern Times 1945–present

Read more here: » Dutch literature: Encyclopedia II - Dutch literature - Earliest stages 800–1550

It has often been suggested that John Milton drew inspiration from Lucifer and Adam in Ballingschap (1664) for his Paradise Lost (1667). In some respects both works have similarities: the focus on Lucifer, the description of the battle in heaven between Lucifer’s forces and Michael’s, and the anti-climax as Adam and Eve need to leave Paradise. These similarities however can be explained quite satisfactory by assuming that they both drew inspiration from the Bible and perhaps Adamus exil from Hugo Grotius. More ...

See also:

Joost van den Vondel, Joost van den Vondel - Lucifer and Milton’s Paradise Lost, Joost van den Vondel - Online Texts

Read more here: » Joost van den Vondel: Encyclopedia II - Joost van den Vondel - Lucifer and Milton’s Paradise Lost

Dutch Golden Age - Painting. As mentioned before (see section Culture) Dutch artists had quite different customers from their colleagues in other European countries, where church and nobility were major patrons. This had an influence on the themes they depicted and their pictorial style. Also many paintings were not produced for commission and found their way to auctions and art traders. This fostered specialization, by which less than brilliant painters could dedicate themselves to themes of their own ...

See also:

Dutch Golden Age, Dutch Golden Age - Causes of the Golden Age, Dutch Golden Age - Wealth, Dutch Golden Age - Tolerance, Dutch Golden Age - National consciousness, Dutch Golden Age - Social structure, Dutch Golden Age - Culture, Dutch Golden Age - Religion, Dutch Golden Age - Science, Dutch Golden Age - Visual arts, Dutch Golden Age - Painting, Dutch Golden Age - Sculpture, Dutch Golden Age - Architecture, Dutch Golden Age - Literature, Dutch Golden Age - Music, Dutch Golden Age - Note

Read more here: » Dutch Golden Age: Encyclopedia II - Dutch Golden Age - Visual arts

The Kingdom of Scotland was united in 843, by King Kenneth I of Scotland. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems, as it still does today, as well as a separate monetary and measures systems. At first the kingdom corresponded to north of the Rivers Forth and Clyde. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the Strathclyde Britons. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around 638 of the proto-English kingdom of Bernicia, then of the Kingdom of Northumbria. This part of Scotland was contested f ...

See also:

Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Scotland - Government, Kingdom of Scotland - History, Kingdom of Scotland - Union with England

Read more here: » Kingdom of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Scotland - History

Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmentarised Holy Roman Empire, where many were formally awarded the rank of Reichsfürst ("Prince of the Empire"), granting representation in the Reikstag. They were finally dissolved in most countries by Napoleon Bonaparte, with the downfall of the old Empire and Holy Roman Emperor in 1806. However there were countries outside of French control, such as Austria and Prussia where the institution continued, as well as revivals of prince-bishoprics. < ...

See also:

Prince-Bishop, Prince-Bishop - Holy Roman Empire, Prince-Bishop - In present Germany, Prince-Bishop - In Austria and Switzerland, Prince-Bishop - In present Italy, Prince-Bishop - In the Baltic, Prince-Bishop - In the Low Countries, Prince-Bishop - Elsewhere, Prince-Bishop - Other Habsburg - and/or former Ottoman territories, Prince-Bishop - England, Prince-Bishop - Special cases

Read more here: » Prince-Bishop: Encyclopedia II - Prince-Bishop - Holy Roman Empire

The States-General was revived in the second half of the 16th century because of scarcity of money and the quarrels and wars of religion. The estates of Orléans in 1560, followed by those of Pontoise in 1561, and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom, courage and efforts of the deputies, but on the whole were lacking in effect. Those of 1588 ended with a regular coup d'etat effected by Henry III, and the States summoned by the League, which sat in Paris in 1593 and whose chief object was to elect a Catholic kin ...

See also:

French States-General, French States-General - The origin of the States-General, French States-General - The rise and fall of the power of the States-General, French States-General - The revival of the States-General 1560-1614, French States-General - The States-General of 1789, French States-General - Reference

Read more here: » French States-General: Encyclopedia II - French States-General - The revival of the States-General 1560-1614