The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of receptors, to design chemicals that act on specific cellular signalling or metabolic pathways by affecting sites directly on cell-surface receptors (which modulate and mediate cellul ...

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Pharmacology, Pharmacology - Scientific background, Pharmacology - Classification, Pharmacology - Types of medication, Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system, Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system, Pharmacology - For the central nervous system, Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs, Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders, Pharmacology - For the eye, Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx, Pharmacology - For the respiratory system, Pharmacology - For endocrine problems, Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system, Pharmacology - For contraception, Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology, Pharmacology - For the skin, Pharmacology - For infections and infestations, Pharmacology - For immunology, Pharmacology - For allergic disorders, Pharmacology - For nutrition, Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders, Pharmacology - For diagnostics, Pharmacology - For euthanasia, Pharmacology - Other

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Phosphorus is a key element in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO43- plays a major role in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural backbone of these molecules. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy gets it in the form of ATP. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids are the main struct ...

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Phosphorus, Phosphorus - Notable characteristics, Phosphorus - Forms, Phosphorus - Applications, Phosphorus - Biological role, Phosphorus - History, Phosphorus - Occurrence, Phosphorus - Precautions, Phosphorus - Isotopes, Phosphorus - Spelling, Phosphorus - Compounds

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The United States Air Force and Army use the 30 mm PGU-14/B armor-piercing incendiary round in the GAU-8 Avenger cannon of the A-10 Thunderbolt II, and in AH-64 Apache helicopters. Most of the uranium munitions used in combat have been in the form of 30 mm and smaller rounds[27]. The Marine Corps uses DU in the 25 mm PGU-20 round fired by the GAU-12 Equalizer cannon of the AV-8B Harrier, and also in the 20 mm M197 gun mounted on AH-1 helicopter gunships. The US Army uses depleted uranium for antitank munitions in an alloy with around ...

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Gulf War syndrome, Gulf War syndrome - Depleted Uranium Birth Defects and Immune System Damage, Gulf War syndrome - Trend, Gulf War syndrome - Neurotoxicity, Gulf War syndrome - Gulf War Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, Gulf War syndrome - Potential Sources of Exposure to Depleted Uranium, Gulf War syndrome - Controversy, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence for, Gulf War syndrome - Evidence against

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Most cancers are initially recognized either because signs or symptoms appear or through screening. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which usually requires the opinion of a pathologist. Cancer - Signs and symptoms. Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups: Local symptoms: unusual lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding), pain and/or ulceration. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as jaundice. Symptoms of ...

See also:

Cancer, Cancer - Terminology, Cancer - History, Cancer - Classification and nomenclature, Cancer - Adult cancers, Cancer - Childhood cancers, Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology, Cancer - Origins of cancer, Cancer - Molecular biology, Cancer - Morphology, Cancer - Heredity, Cancer - Environment and diet, Cancer - Epidemiology, Cancer - Prevention, Cancer - Diet and cancer, Cancer - Other chemoprevention agents, Cancer - Genetic testing, Cancer - Diagnosing cancer, Cancer - Signs and symptoms, Cancer - Biopsy, Cancer - Screening, Cancer - Treatment of cancer, Cancer - Surgery, Cancer - Chemotherapy, Cancer - Immunotherapy, Cancer - Radiation therapy, Cancer - Hormonal suppression, Cancer - Symptom control, Cancer - Treatment trials, Cancer - Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer - Cancer vaccines, Cancer - Coping with cancer, Cancer - Social impact, Cancer - Cancer research

Read more here: » Cancer: Encyclopedia II - Cancer - Diagnosing cancer

The most important single use of ammonia is in the production of nitric acid. A mixture of one part ammonia to nine parts air is passed over a platinum gauze catalyst at 850 °C, whereupon the ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O The catalyst is essential, as the normal oxidation (or combustion) of ammonia gives dinitrogen and water: the production of nitric oxide is an example of kinetic control. As the gas mixture cools to 200–250 ...

See also:

Ammonia, Ammonia - History, Ammonia - Production, Ammonia - Properties, Ammonia - Formation of salts, Ammonia - Acidity, Ammonia - Formation of other compounds, Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand, Ammonia - Uses, Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent, Ammonia - Solubility of salts, Ammonia - Solutions of metals, Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia, Ammonia - Detection and determination, Ammonia - Safety precautions, Ammonia - Toxicity, Ammonia - Household use, Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions, Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid, Ammonia - Reference, Ammonia - Bibliography

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Death is the irreversable ending of life. Biologically, death can occur to wholes, to parts, or to both. For example, it is possible for individual cells and even organs to die, and yet for the organism as a whole to continue to live; many individual cells live for only a short time, and so most of an organism's cells are continually dying and being replaced by new ones. When organisms die most of their cells live for some time afterward. ...

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Death, Death - Biological death, Death - Criteria of human death, Death - Defining the moment of human death, Death - The process of dying, Death - Cell death, Death - Physiological changes, Death - Signs of approaching death, Death - Causes of human death in the US, Death - Consciousness after death, Death - Physiological consequences of human death, Death - Settlement of dead human bodies, Death - Personification of death, Death - Unwritten customs and superstitions

Read more here: » Death: Encyclopedia II - Death - Biological death

A medical assistant may choose another possible credential over CMA, and become a Registered Medical Assistant (RMA) instead. Again, credentialing is completely voluntary. The American Technologists (AMT) agency is responsible for certifying MAs who choose this course. AMT first began offering this certification in 1972 on the months of June and November, through a computerized exam, much like the one offered by the AAMA. AMT therefore has its own conventions and committees, bylaws, state chapters, offi ...

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Medical Assistant, Medical Assistant - Overview, Medical Assistant - Education, Medical Assistant - Certification, Medical Assistant - Registration, Medical Assistant - Scope of Practice, Medical Assistant - Career Opportunities

Read more here: » Medical Assistant: Encyclopedia II - Medical Assistant - Registration

Isotretinoin is indicated for treatment for a number of dermatological conditions, most commonly acne. It is generally not used as a first-line treatment due to the potential side effects. Antibiotics (such as the tetracyclines) are usually prescribed before isotretinoin. Severe forms of acne (conglobata, fulminans and nodulocystic) as well as acne that scars can be successfully treated with isotretinoin. Acne that has not responded to other treatment will usually respond to isotretinoin. Dysmorphophobic p ...

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Isotretinoin, Isotretinoin - History, Isotretinoin - Brand names, Isotretinoin - Indications, Isotretinoin - Pharmacodynamics, Isotretinoin - Pharmacokinetics, Isotretinoin - Absorption, Isotretinoin - Distribution, Isotretinoin - Metabolism, Isotretinoin - Elimination, Isotretinoin - Drug interactions, Isotretinoin - Side effects, Isotretinoin - Treatment of Side Effects, Isotretinoin - Teratogenicity, Isotretinoin - Depression

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ACE inhibitors can be divided into three groups based on their molecular structure: ACE inhibitor - Sulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitors. Captopril (Capoten®), the first ACE inhibitor ACE inhibitor - Dicarboxylate-containing ACE inhibitors. This is the largest group, including: Enalapril (Vasotec®/Renitec®) Ramipril (Altace®/Tritace®/Ramace®) Quinapril (Accupril®) Perindopril (Coversyl®) ...

See also:

ACE inhibitor, ACE inhibitor - Clinical use, ACE inhibitor - Mechanism of action, ACE inhibitor - Effects of ACE inhibitors, ACE inhibitor - Adverse effects, ACE inhibitor - Examples of ACE inhibitors, ACE inhibitor - Sulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitors, ACE inhibitor - Dicarboxylate-containing ACE inhibitors, ACE inhibitor - Phosphonate-containing ACE inhibitors, ACE inhibitor - Naturally occurring, ACE inhibitor - Comparative information, ACE inhibitor - Contraindications and precautions, ACE inhibitor - Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitor - Use in combination with ACE inhibitors

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The top level of the outline provides the dates the books were published, and the lower level provides the dates the individual stories were originally published. Uncollected stories are provided at the bottom. Many of his stories involved the Glass Family or Holden Caulfield. These are indicated below. J. D. Salinger - Published and collected. The Catcher in the Rye (1951) Holden Caulfield Nine Stories (1953) Summarized here A Perfect Day for Bananafish (1948) Glass Family - ...

See also:

J. D. Salinger, J. D. Salinger - Life, J. D. Salinger - Seclusion, J. D. Salinger - Works, J. D. Salinger - Published and collected, J. D. Salinger - Published and uncollected, J. D. Salinger - Unpublished and uncollected

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Porphyria - Vampires and werewolves. Porphyria has been suggested as an explanation for the origin of vampire and werewolf legends, based upon a number of superficial similarities between the condition and the folklore. These ideas may have developed from a misunderstanding of the nature of porphyria and concentrate more on the traits from modern vampire and werewolf fiction than on the original folkloric beliefs. ...

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Porphyria, Porphyria - Overview, Porphyria - Subtypes, Porphyria - Hepatic porphyrias, Porphyria - Erythropoietic porphyria, Porphyria - Porphyria variegata, Porphyria - Signs and symptoms, Porphyria - Diagnosis, Porphyria - Treatment, Porphyria - Acute porphyria, Porphyria - Culture and history, Porphyria - Vampires and werewolves, Porphyria - Historical patients, Porphyria - In Fiction

Read more here: » Porphyria: Encyclopedia II - Porphyria - Culture and history

Like most animal tissues, brain metabolism depends primarily on glucose for fuel in most circumstances. A limited amount of glucose can be derived from glycogen stored in astrocytes, but it is consumed within minutes. For most practical purposes, the brain is dependent on a continual supply of glucose diffusing from the blood into the interstitial tissue within the central nervous system and into the neurons themselves. Therefore, if the amount of glucose supplied by the blood falls, the brain is one of the first organs affected. In m ...

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Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Defining hypoglycemia: what's normal and what's low?, Hypoglycemia - Measurement method: different methods can yield different values, Hypoglycemia - Age differences: normal glucose levels vary by age, Hypoglycemia - Presence or absence of effects: are symptoms more important than the number?, Hypoglycemia - Purpose of definition: different levels are used for different purposes, Hypoglycemia - Pathophysiology: why low blood sugar primarily affects the brain, Hypoglycemia - Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Adrenergic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Glucagon Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Neuroglycopenic Manifestations, Hypoglycemia - Determining the cause, Hypoglycemia - The circumstances of hypoglycemia provide most of the clues to diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - In less obvious cases a critical sample may provide the diagnosis, Hypoglycemia - Further diagnostic steps depend on the initial evidence, Hypoglycemia - Causes of hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in newborn infants, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in young children, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older children and young adults, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia in older adults, Hypoglycemia - Treatment and prevention, Hypoglycemia - Reversing acute hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia - Preventing further episodes, Hypoglycemia - Hypoglycemia as American folk medicine

Read more here: » Hypoglycemia: Encyclopedia II - Hypoglycemia - Pathophysiology: why low blood sugar primarily affects the brain

AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV (Marx et al., 1982). Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has b ...

Including:

• AIDS - Infection by HIV
• AIDS - Symptomology
• AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions
• AIDS - Clinical symptoms of AIDS
• AIDS - Transmission
• AIDS - Prevention
• AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV
• AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission
• AIDS - Mother to child transmission
• AIDS - Treatment
• AIDS - Alternative medicine
• AIDS - HIV test
• AIDS - Epidemiology
• AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS
• AIDS - Alternative theories
• AIDS - AIDS News

Read more here: » AIDS: Encyclopedia - AIDS

Some well-known patients include: Geraldine Ferraro Mel Stottlemyre Don Baylor Mel Goldstein Roy Scheider Deceased: Ann Landers Mark Lenard ...

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Multiple myeloma, Multiple myeloma - Signs and symptoms, Multiple myeloma - Diagnosis, Multiple myeloma - Investigations, Multiple myeloma - Workup, Multiple myeloma - Criteria, Multiple myeloma - Staging, Multiple myeloma - Pathophysiology, Multiple myeloma - Epidemiology, Multiple myeloma - Treatment, Multiple myeloma - Initial therapy, Multiple myeloma - Relapse, Multiple myeloma - Prognosis, Multiple myeloma - Patients

Read more here: » Multiple myeloma: Encyclopedia II - Multiple myeloma - Patients

Magnesium deficiency is not uncommon in hospitalized patients. Elevated levels of magnesium (hypermagnesemia), however, are nearly always iatrogenic. 10-20% of all hospital patients, and 60-65% of patient in the intensive care unit (ICU) have hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesiemia is underdiagnosed, as testing for serum magnesium levels is not routine. Hypomagnesemia results in increased mortality. Low levels of magnesium in your blood may mean either there is not enough magnesium in the diet, the intestines are not absorbing enough magnesiu ...

See also:

Hypomagnesemia, Hypomagnesemia - Homeostasis, Hypomagnesemia - Metabolism, Hypomagnesemia - Causes, Hypomagnesemia - Treatment, Hypomagnesemia - Arrhythmia, Hypomagnesemia - Obstetric, Hypomagnesemia - Electrolyte disturbances, Hypomagnesemia - Pulmonary

Read more here: » Hypomagnesemia: Encyclopedia II - Hypomagnesemia - Causes

Asked if a philosopher can follow a prophetically revealed religion, al-Razi frankly replies: How can anyone think philosophically while listening to old wives' tales founded on contradictions, which obdurate ignorance, and dogmatism? Gentility of character, friendliness and purity of mind, are found in those who are capable of thinking profoundly on abstruse matters and scientific minutiae. Man should hasten to protect himself from love before succumbing to it and cleanse ...

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Al-Razi, Al-Razi - Biography, Al-Razi - Al-Razi's Masters and Opponents, Al-Razi - Contributions to medicine, Al-Razi - Smallpox vs. measles, Al-Razi - Allergies and fever, Al-Razi - Pharmacy, Al-Razi - Ethics of medicine, Al-Razi - Books and articles on medicine, Al-Razi - Books on medicine, Al-Razi - Translations, Al-Razi - Alchemy, Al-Razi - The Transmutation of Metals, Al-Razi - Chemical instruments and substances, Al-Razi - Hermeticism, Al-Razi - Major works on alchemy, Al-Razi - Books on alchemy, Al-Razi - Philosophy, Al-Razi - On existence, Al-Razi - Metaphysics, Al-Razi - Excerpt from The Philosophical Approach, Al-Razi - Books on philosophy, Al-Razi - Quotes from Rhazes, Al-Razi - Quotes on Rhazes, Al-Razi - References and further reading

Read more here: » Al-Razi: Encyclopedia II - Al-Razi - Quotes from Rhazes

By 1675, having been unsuccessful at producing gold, Brand spoke of his phosphorus to friends and soon it was the talk of Hamburg. He enjoyed the fame it brought him, and being a rather pompous man insisted on being called "Herr Doktor". Alchemist and academic Johann Kunckel had been interested in luminescence for some time and when he heard about Brand's discovery he came from Wittenberg to see it for himself. He wrote of it to fellow alchemist Daniel Kraft in Dresden too. Kunckel wanted to buy phosphorus from Brand, but he would not sell, suspecting Kun ...

See also:

Henning Brand, Henning Brand - Alchemy, Henning Brand - Publicity, Henning Brand - Subsequently

Read more here: » Henning Brand: Encyclopedia II - Henning Brand - Publicity

Ottey was born the fourth of seven child to Hubert and Joan Ottey in Cold Spring, Hanover. She was introduced to the sport by her mother, who bought her a manual on track and field. In her early school years in the seventies, Ottey attended Gurneys Mount and Pondside Schools before graduating from Rusea and Vere Technical high schools. There she frequently competed barefooted in local races. Ottey's inspiration came from listening to the track and field broadcast from the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, where Donald Quarrie ran in the spri ...

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Merlene Ottey, Merlene Ottey - Biography and sprinting career, Merlene Ottey - Controversy, Merlene Ottey - Slovenia, Merlene Ottey - Records and achievements

Read more here: » Merlene Ottey: Encyclopedia II - Merlene Ottey - Biography and sprinting career

Note: the information in this section might be unapplicable outside of North America. Bulbs are typically identified by a code such as F##T##, where F is for fluorescent, the first number indicates the power in watts (or strangely, length in inches in very long bulbs), the T indicates that the shape of the lamp is tubular, and the last number is diameter in eighths of an inch. Typical diameters are T12 (1½" or 38 mm) for residential bulbs with old magnetic ballasts, T8 (1 in or 25 mm) for commercial energy-saving bulbs with el ...

See also:

Fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - History, Fluorescent lamp - Principles of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Mechanism of light production, Fluorescent lamp - Electrical aspects of operation, Fluorescent lamp - Method of 'starting' a fluorescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp - Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light, Fluorescent lamp - Usage, Fluorescent lamp - Advantages over incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Disadvantages, Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations, Fluorescent lamp - Other fluorescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp - Fluorescent fun

Read more here: » Fluorescent lamp: Encyclopedia II - Fluorescent lamp - Tube designations

Most marsupials, except for the two largest species of kangaroos, have a bifurcated penis. That is, it separates into two columns, and so the penis has two ends. The barnacle has the longest penis for its own length: up to twenty times the length of the animal. Urban legend alleges that the dolphin has prehensile control over his penis. In the realm of absolute size, the smallest penis belongs to the common shrew (5 mm or 0.2 inches). The largest penis belongs to the blue whale estimated at over 2 m (about 6 feet). Accurate measurements are difficult to take because the whale's erect ...

See also:

Penis, Penis - Linguistics, Penis - Etymology, Penis - Synonyms, Penis - The human penis, Penis - Structure, Penis - Relation to female genitals, Penis - Erection, Penis - Size, Penis - Normal variations, Penis - Disorders affecting the penis, Penis - Altering the male genitalia, Penis - Fears and reassurance, Penis - Non-human penises, Penis - Cultural aspects involving penises, Penis - Uses of animal penises, Penis - Uses of human penises in cultural traditions

Read more here: » Penis: Encyclopedia II - Penis - Non-human penises

List of ICD-9 codes - arthropathies and related disorders 710-719. (710) Diffuse diseases of connective tissue (710.0) Systemic lupus erythematosus (710.2) Sjšgren's disease (710.3) Dermatomyositis (710.4) Polymyositis (710.5) Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (710.9) Connective tissue disease, unspec. (711) Arthropathy associated with infections (711.59) Arthropathy, other viral, multiple ...

See also:

List of ICD-9 codes, List of ICD-9 codes - 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases 001-139, List of ICD-9 codes - Intestinal infectious diseases 001-009, List of ICD-9 codes - tuberculosis 010-018, List of ICD-9 codes - zoonotic bacterial diseases 020-027, List of ICD-9 codes - other bacterial diseases 030-041, List of ICD-9 codes - human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection 042-044, List of ICD-9 codes - poliomyelitis and other non-arthropod-borne viral diseases of central nervous system 045-049, List of ICD-9 codes - viral diseases accompanied by exanthem 050-057, List of ICD-9 codes - arthropod-borne viral diseases 060-066, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases due to viruses and chlamydiae 070-079, List of ICD-9 codes - rickettsioses and other arthropod-borne diseases 080-088, List of ICD-9 codes - syphilis and other venereal diseases 090-099, List of ICD-9 codes - other spirochetal diseases 100-104, List of ICD-9 codes - mycoses 110-118, List of ICD-9 codes - helminthiases 120-129, List of ICD-9 codes - other infectious and parasitic diseases 130-136, List of ICD-9 codes - late effects of infectious and parasitic diseases 137-139, List of ICD-9 codes - 2. Neoplasms 140-239, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lip oral cavity and pharynx 140-149, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of digestive organs and peritoneum 150-159, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of respiratory and intrathoracic organs 160-165, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of bone connective tissue skin and breast 170-176, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of genitourinary organs 179-189, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified sites 190-199, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue 200-208,