Aztec - Class structure. The society traditionally was divided into two social classes; the macehualli (people) or peasantry and the pilli or nobility. Nobility was not originally hereditary, although the sons of pillis had access to better resources and education, so it was easier for them to become pillis. Eventually, this class system took on the aspects of a hereditary system. The Aztec military had an equivalent to military service with a core of professional warriors; only those ...

See also:

Aztec, Aztec - Terminology, Aztec - Legends and traditions, Aztec - Rise of the Aztecs, Aztec - The Empire, Aztec - Aztec society, Aztec - Class structure, Aztec - Slavery, Aztec - Recreation, Aztec - Tenochtitlan, Aztec - Education, Aztec - Diet, Aztec - Human sacrifice, Aztec - Poetry, Aztec - Downfall, Aztec - Sources

Read more here: » Aztec: Encyclopedia II - Aztec - Aztec society

Parenting an Indigo or Crystal child is a special privilege in this time of turbulence and change. As a parent, you are contributing to etsablishing new patterns for parenting on the planet. You are partnering with your child in raising the resonance of the child/parent relationship to its highest possible level at this time.

The Indigo or Crystal child has come to the planet with its own "mission". As an Indigo it is here to challenge exisiting forms and beliefs, and as a Crystal it is here to teach empowerment and love. You, as the parents, are the partners in this mission of teaching and healing. You can help your child to fulfill its mission by understanding what is required of you. As a parent to an Indigo, you can expect to be challenged at every turn, but having the skills to handle these challenges will create and easier relationship between you and your Indigo. As the parent of a Crystal, you will have to deal with a very strong will and frequent power struggles. Again, having the parenting skills to cope with these issues will facilitate the growth and unfolding of your child.

(See also: Indigo Children, What is Indigo Children, Parenting Indigo Children, Adult Indigo, Indigo Children Channeling)

Read more here: » Indigo Children: Parenting Indigo and Crystal Children: Parenting from the Heart  

Pranayama is defined as breath control, but actually, Prana is energy, the type of energy that is received from Kether or from the spiritual world. It is sometimes defined as a white light that emanates from on high or that is surrounding us at all times. Call it what you like, it is possible to energize our electrochemical bodies by controlled breathing, and the Pranayama methods are highly effective in attaining specific energy states.

Read more here: » Pranayama: Pranayama Techniques

Castration - History. The method of castration has roots before recorded human history. Castration was frequently used in certain cultures, such as in Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa or China, for religious or social reasons. After battles, winners castrated their captives or bodies of the defeated to symbolise their victory and 'seize' their power. Castrated men - eunuchs - were often admitted to special social classes. Eunuchs were also often used to guard harems. Castration also figured in a number of religious cults: see castration cults. Other religions, for exam ...

See also:

Castration, Castration - Castration in humans, Castration - History, Castration - Reasons, Castration - Medical consequences, Castration - Castration In Veterinary Practice, Castration - In animal fancy, Castration - In animal husbandry, Castration - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Castration: Encyclopedia II - Castration - Castration in humans

The Nyaya or Hindu logic was founded by Gautama Rishi, who is also known by the names Akshapada and Dirghatapas. The Nyaya and the Vaiseshika are analytic types of philosophy. The word Nyaya signifies going into a subject, i.e., investigating it analytically. In this sense of analysis, the word Nyaya is exactly opposed to Sankhya, synthesis. The Nyaya is sometimes called Tarka-Vidya or the Science of Debate, Vada-Vidya or the Science of Discussion. Tarka is the special feature of the Nyaya.

Excerpt from All About Hinduism by Sri Swami Sivananda

Read more here: » Nyaya: Hindu Philosophy - The Nyaya

Leadership is a powerful construct. A leader is envied for the position and authority he enjoys. He receives adulation and is celebrated as a champion and deliverer. Little wonder, then, a leader is often emulated; even envied. High and powerful positions are fervently sought out for all the promise they hold. And what can be more alluring than the highest post in the land?

Even if Sonia Gandhi'sreasons for abjuring the high post are debatable, the very act of saying 'no"- to the most important and powerful job in the country - is something few would have the courage (of conviction) to carry out, and that too with the composure and determination that Sonia displayed.

(See also: Peace on Earth, Peace of Mind, Love and Happiness, Life and Beyond, Body Mind and Soul)

Read more here: » Peace on Earth: Price of Leadership: Emulation and Envy

No religion in this world preaches violence; yet down the ages horrible killings have taken place in the name of religion. Why? There is no simple answer to this question. Perception definitely has a role in this.

The fault somehow always seems to lie with the other religion. Could it be that we perceive other ideologies with bias or ignorance? Perhaps this explanation would have made sense in the dark ages when distance made communication very difficult. Today, it's different - there is free flow of information. There is a great deal of intermingling and intercourse between individuals and communities across the world. Outwardly there appears to be no reason for any acrimony to exist on the basis of one's faith, yet not only does irascibility exist, it is getting to be more pronounced.

(See also: Love and Happiness, Life and Beyond, Body Mind and Soul)

Read more here: » Love and Happiness: To Love, Get Down To The Basics

Divorce leads to the creation of two households rather than one, with consequent increased costs. All parties suffer these effects. As more men are awarded child custody, many of the roles and difficulties described below may be reversed, although men who are awarded custody have historically been less likely to be awarded child support or alimony. Women often financially suffer as a result of divorce due to lower earning potential in many countries, and to their greater historical role in rearing children (these causes are not unrela ...

See also:

Divorce, Divorce - History of divorce, Divorce - Great Britain, Divorce - Causes of divorce, Divorce - Religious/cultural attitudes to divorce, Divorce - Divorce's financial implications, Divorce - Divorce's medical and psychological implications, Divorce - Legal aspects of divorce, Divorce - Muslim societies, Divorce - United States, Divorce - Canada, Divorce - France, Divorce - Japan, Divorce - Scotland, Divorce - England and Wales, Divorce - Global issues, Divorce - Statistics

Read more here: » Divorce: Encyclopedia II - Divorce - Divorce's financial implications

Hindu view on Science, Knowledge and Education

Hindu scriptures recognize two types of knowledge: the lower knowledge and the higher knowledge. Knowledge of the rites and rituals and scholarly study of scriptures is considered to be lower knowledge, while higher knowledge is the knowledge of Atman and Brahman gained through personal experience or self realization. Of the two, the Higher Knowledge alone is true, because it liberates the individuals from the cycle of births and deaths.

Read more here: » Hinduism and Science:Hindu view on Science, Knowledge and Education

Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome, where the Roman Senate had the power to exile individuals, entire families or countries (which amounted to a declaration of war). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of law could sentence a noble to exile (banicja). As long as the exile (banita) remained in the Commonwealth he had a price on his head and anybody who killed him could expect a monetary reward from the state (usually a starosta of given region). Special forms of ...

See also:

Exile, Exile - History, Exile - Personal exile, Exile - Government in exile, Exile - Nation in exile, Exile - Tax exile, Exile - Famous people who have been in exile

Read more here: » Exile: Encyclopedia II - Exile - History

Hinduism and Marriage

According to Hinduism, a marriage between two persons is a sacred relationship that is not limited to this life alone. It extends across seven or more lives, during which the couple help each other progress spiritually. The adage that marriages are made in heaven is very much true in case of Hinduism. Two souls come together and marry because their karmas are intertwined and they have to resolve many things together upon earth in order to ensure their mutual salvation. 

Read more here: » Hinduism and Marriage: Marriages in Hinduism

Another example of this metaphorical significance comes in the old saying "The pen is mightier than the sword" -- attributed to Edward Bulwer-Lytton. In the following cases, the sword stands for arms in general, and has often been retained as a symbol even after it had in operational practice been replaced with firearms etcetera. Swords form a suit in the Tarot deck (replaced by spades in the French deck of playing cards). The sword often functions as a symbol of masculinity and particularly -since its ...

See also:

Sword, Sword - History, Sword - Bronze Age, Sword - Iron Age, Sword - Middle Ages, Sword - Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Sword - Modern Age, Sword - Terminology, Sword - Typology, Sword - Double-edged swords, Sword - Single edged weapons, Sword - Training swords, Sword - Classification, Sword - Punishment devices, Sword - Symbolism

Read more here: » Sword: Encyclopedia II - Sword - Symbolism

The Code contemplates the whole population as falling into three classes: the amelu, the muskinu and the ardu. The amelu was a patrician, the man of family, whose birth, marriage and death were registered; of ancestral estates and full civil rights. He had aristocratic privileges and responsibilities, and the right to exact retaliation for corporal injuries, but was liable to a heavier punishment for crimes and misdemeanours, higher fees and fines. To this class belonged the king and court, the higher offic ...

See also:

Babylonian law, Babylonian law - Tribal influences, Babylonian law - Three classes, Babylonian law - Citizens tenants of gods, Babylonian law - Temple, Babylonian law - Property law, Babylonian law - Leasing, Babylonian law - Hired labour, Babylonian law - Debt, Babylonian law - Trade, Babylonian law - Family law, Babylonian law - Marriage, Babylonian law - Divorce, Babylonian law - Widowhood, Babylonian law - Childbearing, Babylonian law - Adoption, Babylonian law - Heirs, Babylonian law - Adultery, Babylonian law - Punishment, Babylonian law - Bibliography

Read more here: » Babylonian law: Encyclopedia II - Babylonian law - Three classes

Until the age of fourteen, the education of children was in the hands of their parents, but supervised by the authorities of their calpulli. Periodically they attended their local temples, to test their progress. Part of their education was a collection of sayings, called huehuetlatolli ("The sayings of the old"), that represented the Aztecs' ideals. It included speeches and sayings for every occasion, the words to salute the birth of children, and to say farewell at death. Fathers admonished their daughters to be very c ...

See also:

Aztec, Aztec - Terminology, Aztec - Legends and traditions, Aztec - Rise of the Aztecs, Aztec - The Empire, Aztec - Aztec society, Aztec - Class structure, Aztec - Slavery, Aztec - Recreation, Aztec - Tenochtitlan, Aztec - Education, Aztec - Diet, Aztec - Human sacrifice, Aztec - Poetry, Aztec - Downfall, Aztec - Sources

Read more here: » Aztec: Encyclopedia II - Aztec - Education

Every year, I eagerly await the month of Ramzan. Fasting and praying during the month prepares me to move closer to God. Fasting is not restricted to food and drink; it includes distancing oneself from negative attributes like hypocrisy, covetousness, falsity, backbiting and envy, among others.

Surprisingly and fortunately, the after-effects of this regulated and sanitised lifestyle adopted during Ramzan lingers for several months afterward, enabling one to work towards greater control over one's actions.

(See also: Ramzan , Indian Festivals, Spiritual Guidance, God and Religion, Peace on Earth, Peace of Mind, Love and Happiness, Life and Beyond, Body Mind and Soul)

Read more here: » Ramzan: Why I Love to Fast During Ramzan  

Criminal negligence - United States. Examples of criminally negligent crimes are criminally negligent homicide and negligent endangerment of a child. Usually the punishment for criminal negligence, criminal recklessness, criminal endangerment, wilful blindness and other related crimes is imprisonment, unless the criminal is insane (and then in some cases the sentence is indeterminate). See also:

Criminal negligence, Criminal negligence - Discussion, Criminal negligence - What is the reasonable person standard?, Criminal negligence - Particular examples, Criminal negligence - United States, Criminal negligence - English law definition

Read more here: » Criminal negligence: Encyclopedia II - Criminal negligence - Particular examples

Most Abrahamic religions agree that a human being comprises the body, which dies, and the soul, which need not do so. The soul, capable of remaining alive beyond human death, carries the essence of that person with it, and God will judge that persons life accordingly after they die. The importance of this, the focus on it, and the precise criteria and end result differs between religions. Reincarnation and transmigration tend not to feature proeminently in Abrahamic religions. Although as a rule they all look to some form of afterlife ...

See also:

Abrahamic religion, Abrahamic religion - Overview, Abrahamic religion - Origins, Abrahamic religion - Patriarchs, Abrahamic religion - The Supreme Deity, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Inclusivity, Abrahamic religion - Religious scriptures, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Rastafari movement, Abrahamic religion - The coming, Abrahamic religion - Afterlife, Abrahamic religion - Judaism, Abrahamic religion - Christianity, Abrahamic religion - Islam, Abrahamic religion - Worship, Abrahamic religion - Circumcision, Abrahamic religion - Food restrictions, Abrahamic religion - Evangelism

Read more here: » Abrahamic religion: Encyclopedia II - Abrahamic religion - Afterlife

The first, pivotal, words of the Shema, are: שמע ישראל י-ה-ו-ה אלהינו י-ה-ו-ה אחד Judaism teaches that the Tetragrammaton (י-ה-ו-ה) is the ineffable name of G-d, and as such is not read aloud in the Shema but is traditionally replaced with אדני, Adonai ("my Lord"). For this reason, the Shema is recited aloud as: Shma Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad. (or phonetically, "Sh'ma Yis-ra-el: A ...

See also:

Shema Yisrael, Shema Yisrael - History, Shema Yisrael - Content, Shema Yisrael - Recitation and reading, Shema Yisrael - Accompanying blessings, Shema Yisrael - Bedtime Shema, Shema Yisrael - Other instances, Shema Yisrael - Quote in New Testament, Shema Yisrael - See Also

Read more here: » Shema Yisrael: Encyclopedia II - Shema Yisrael - Content

Parenting is the process of raising a child from birth until they reach adulthood. This task is usually done by the biological parents, but if the parents are unable or unwilling to provide care, the task is usually deferred to adoptive parents, foster parents, close relatives (including older siblings), godparents, or institutions (such as group homes or orphanages). An integral part of parenting is education of the child. (For further details on the education of children, see Education) Parenting - Aspects of pa ...

Including:

• Parenting - Aspects of parenting
• Parenting - Parenting Methods and Practices
• Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years
• Parenting - During infancy
• Parenting - Common areas many parents look to address during infancy
• Parenting - School years
• Parenting - Assistance
• Parenting - Observers
• Parenting - Parenting assessment

Read more here: » Parenting: Encyclopedia - Parenting

The papal inquisition developed a number of procedures to discover and prosecute heretics. Medieval Inquisition - Investigation. When a papal inquisition arrived at a town it had a set of procedures and rules to identify likely heretics. First, the townspeople would be gathered in a public place. Although attendance was voluntary, those who failed to show would automatically be suspect, so most would come. The inquisitors would provide an opportunity for anyone to step forward and denounce themselves in ex ...

See also:

Medieval Inquisition, Medieval Inquisition - Origins, Medieval Inquisition - History, Medieval Inquisition - Inquisition procedure, Medieval Inquisition - Investigation, Medieval Inquisition - Trial, Medieval Inquisition - Torture, Medieval Inquisition - Punishment, Medieval Inquisition - Legacy

Read more here: » Medieval Inquisition: Encyclopedia II - Medieval Inquisition - Inquisition procedure

As spanking, combining physical discipline (associated with violence = drama) and buttocks (a sexy part of both gender's anatomy), always aroused much human attention, it is no wonder that it entered spheres of life distinct from punishment. Note the issue of legal consent which may or may not represent a defence to criminal liability for any injuries caused during the spanking. Apart from the erotic and from fraternity/sorority type initiations, which have their origin in educational (domestic of boot camp) types of discipline, these include : See also:

Spanking, Spanking - Linguistics, Spanking - What and how, Spanking - Definitions, Spanking - Scope of punitive use, Spanking - Position, Spanking - Procedure, Spanking - Controversy, Spanking - Arguments for spanking, Spanking - Arguments against spanking, Spanking - Alternatives to spanking, Spanking - Minimal use of spanking, Spanking - Other criticisms and questions about spanking, Spanking - The legal situation, Spanking - Non-punitive & Voluntary spankings, Spanking - Folkloristic spanking traditions, Spanking - Recreational context, Spanking - Spanking therapy, Spanking - Adult Spanking, Spanking - Footnotes

Read more here: » Spanking: Encyclopedia II - Spanking - Non-punitive & Voluntary spankings

A leading neuroscientist, Wolf Singer, caused a sensation by claiming crimes are the result of brain abnormalities. Laura Spinney investigates a slanging match between scientists and philosophers,

Read more here: » Free Will: I'm not guilty - but my brain is