drag

In the late 1950s the British, French, Americans and Soviets were all interested in developing supersonic transport. Britain's Bristol Aeroplane Company and France's Sud Aviation were both working on designs, called the Type 233 and Super-Caravelle respectively. Both were largely funded by their respective governments as a way of gaining some foothold in the aircraft market that was until ...

See also:

Concorde, Concorde - Origins, Concorde - Technological features, Concorde - Scheduled flights, Concorde - Passenger experience, Concorde - Paris crash, Concorde - Withdrawal from service, Concorde - Air France, Concorde - British Airways, Concorde - Aircraft histories, Concorde - Cultural and political impact, Concorde - Dimensions and specifications, Concorde - Trivia, Concorde - Possible replacement, Concorde - Films and Television

Read more here: » Concorde: Encyclopedia II - Concorde - Origins

Angle of attack (α, Greek letter alpha) is a term used in aerodynamics to describe the angle between the airfoil's chord line and the direction of airflow wind, effectively the direction in which the aircraft is currently moving. The amount of lift generated by a wing is directly related to the angle of attack, with greater angles generating more lift (and more drag as it increases the frontal area). This remains true up to the stall point, where lift starts to decrease again because of airflow separation ...

Including:

• Angle of attack - Sailing

Read more here: » Angle of attack: Encyclopedia - Angle of attack

The aka of a multihull sailboat is a member of the framework that connects the hull to the ama(s) (outrigger). The term aka originated with the proa, but is also applied to modern trimarans. The design of the akas depends on the forces it will encounter when sailing. For example, there are two modern variations of the proa, the traditional or Pacific proa, with the ama to the windward side, and the modern Atlantic proa, with the ama to the leeward. The windward ama provides stability by placing the center of gravity far to the ...

Read more here: » Aka sailing: Encyclopedia - Aka sailing

An Aeroplane (Airplane in US usage), is defined as: a power-driven heavier than air Aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. (ICAO Doc 9110) Aircraft flight mechanics - Straight and level flight of airplane. In steady, level flight, an airplane can be considered as being acted on by four forces in equilibrium: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Thrust is the force generated by the engine and acts along the engine's thr ...

Including:

• Aircraft flight mechanics - Straight and level flight of airplane
• Aircraft flight mechanics - Airplane control and movement
• Aircraft flight mechanics - Airplane control surfaces
• Aircraft flight mechanics - Aerodynamics

Read more here: » Aircraft flight mechanics: Encyclopedia - Aircraft flight mechanics

Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as airplanes in North American English and aeroplanes in Commonwealth English. An airplane is a heavier-than-air aircraft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircraft is not used to generate lift. All aircraft wings flex, and some aircraft have wings that can tilt, sweep back or fold, but if none of these movements are used to g ...

Including:

• Fixed-wing aircraft - Conventional airplanes
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Fixed parts
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Mobile parts
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Flight lift
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Types of fixed-wing aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Propeller aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Jet aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Super sonic aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Rocket-powered aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Ramjet aircraft
• Fixed-wing aircraft - History
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Designing and constructing an airplane
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Industrialized production
• Fixed-wing aircraft - Safety

Read more here: » Fixed-wing aircraft: Encyclopedia - Fixed-wing aircraft

The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba 1) is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. Antarctic krill are shrimp-like invertebrates that live in large schools, called swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000 - 30,000 individual animals per cubic meter[H+83]. They feed directly on minute phytoplankton, thereby using the prima ...

Including:

• Antarctic krill - Systematics
• Antarctic krill - Life cycle
• Antarctic krill - Food
• Antarctic krill - Filter feeding
• Antarctic krill - Ice-algae raking
• Antarctic krill - The biological pump and carbon sequestration
• Antarctic krill - Biological peculiarities
• Antarctic krill - Bioluminescence
• Antarctic krill - Escape reaction
• Antarctic krill - The compound eye
• Antarctic krill - Geographical distribution
• Antarctic krill - Position in the Antarctic ecosystem
• Antarctic krill - Biomass and production
• Antarctic krill - Decline with shrinking pack ice
• Antarctic krill - Fisheries
• Antarctic krill - Future visions and ocean engineering
• Antarctic krill - Notes

Read more here: » Antarctic krill: Encyclopedia - Antarctic krill

Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Sometimes known as "The King of Battle". Artillery - Modern Artillery. Modern artillery is distinguished by its large calibre, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport. Weapons covered by this term include "tube" artillery such as ...

Including:

• Artillery - Modern Artillery
• Artillery - Types
• Artillery - Sub-types
• Artillery - Projectiles
• Artillery - Ammunition
• Artillery - Fuses
• Artillery - Modern artillery operations
• Artillery - Counter-battery fire
• Artillery - Field artillery team
• Artillery - MRSI
• Artillery - History
• Artillery - Quotations

Read more here: » Artillery: Encyclopedia - Artillery

A submarine is a specialized watercraft that can operate underwater. Most major navies use submarines. Submarines are also used for marine and freshwater science and for work at depths too great for human divers. Nuclear powered submarines and other large submarines are classed as ships, but are customarily referred to by their crews as "boats". The term U-Boat is sometimes used in English, this comes from the German word for submarine, 'U-Boot', itself an abbreviation for Unterseeboot. Modern attack submarines ar ...

Including:

• Submarine - Non-military submarines and submersibles
• Submarine - Submersibles
• Submarine - Military submarines
• Submarine - Types of military submarines
• Submarine - History of submarines
• Submarine - Early history of submarines and the first submersibles
• Submarine - The first military submarines
• Submarine - Submarines in the American Civil War
• Submarine - Mechanically-powered submarines late 1800s
• Submarine - Late 1800s to World War I
• Submarine - Submarines during World War I
• Submarine - Interwar developments
• Submarine - Submarines during World War II
• Submarine - Modern submarines
• Submarine - Major submarine incidents since 2000
• Submarine - Submarine propulsion
• Submarine - Submarine movies
• Submarine - Notes
• Submarine - General
• Submarine - Articles on specific vessels
• Submarine - Articles on specific submarine classes
• Submarine - Patents

Read more here: » Submarine: Encyclopedia - Submarine

Atmospheric drag is a form of drag, which is the force that opposes an object moving through a liquid or gas. In astrodynamics depending on the situation atmospheric drag can be regarded as inefficiency requiring expense of additional energy during launch of the space object or as a bonus simplifying return from orbit. Atmospheric drag - Calculation. Atmospheric drag can be calculated as follows: where: cdIncluding:

• Atmospheric drag - Calculation

Read more here: » Atmospheric drag: Encyclopedia - Atmospheric drag

In aeronautics air brakes are a type of flight control used on aircraft to reduce speed during landing. Air brakes differ from spoilers in that air brakes are designed to increase drag while making little change to lift, spoilers greatly reduce lift while making little change to drag. Often, both characteristics are desirable - most airliners for example feature combined spoiler and airbrake controls. On landing, the deployment of these spoilers causes a dramatic loss of lift and hence the weight of the aircraft i ...

Read more here: » Air brake aircraft: Encyclopedia - Air brake aircraft

In physics, buoyancy is an upward force on an object immersed in a fluid (i.e. a liquid or a gas), enabling it to float or at least to appear lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and airships. Buoyancy - Forces and equilibrium. The buoyancy provides an upward force on the object. According to Newton's first law of motion, if the upward forces (including the buoyancy) balance the downward forces (including the weight) the object will remain at rest. Otherwise, it w ...

Including:

• Buoyancy - Forces and equilibrium
• Buoyancy - Archimedes' Principle
• Buoyancy - Density
• Buoyancy - Acceleration
• Buoyancy - Links

Read more here: » Buoyancy: Encyclopedia - Buoyancy

Swimming is the method by which living creatures move themselves through water in a method not involving simply walking on the bottom. Swimming is a popular recreational activity and a competitive sport. There are many health benefits of swimming, but it also entails risks if basic precautions are not taken. Swimming - Technique. The human body is composed primarily of water, and thus has a very similar density. But since only roughly 70% of the body is water, it is slightly less dense than the surrounding ...

Including:

• Swimming - Technique
• Swimming - History
• Swimming - Competitive swimming
• Swimming - Championships
• Swimming - Recreational swimming
• Swimming - Occupational swimming
• Swimming - Swimming for exercise
• Swimming - Health risks
• Swimming - Clothing
• Swimming - Historical Bibliography

Read more here: » Swimming: Encyclopedia - Swimming

A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors (propellers). Helicopters are classified as rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from conventional fixed-wing aircraft. The word helicopter is derived from the Greek words helix (spiral) and pteron (wing). The engine-driven helicopter was invented by the Slovak inventor Jan Bahyl. The first stable, fully-controllable helicopter pl ...

Including:

• Helicopter - Applications
• Helicopter - History
• Helicopter - Generating lift
• Helicopter - Conventional layout
• Helicopter - Alternative layouts
• Helicopter - Controlling flight
• Helicopter - Stability
• Helicopter - Limitations
• Helicopter - Landing
• Helicopter - On a ship
• Helicopter - Hazards of helicopter flight
• Helicopter - Helicopter models and identification

Read more here: » Helicopter: Encyclopedia - Helicopter

In physics, a force is an external cause responsible for any change of a physical system. For instance, a person holding a dog by a rope is experiencing the force applied by the rope on their hand, and the cause for its pulling forward is the force exercised by the rope. The kinetic expression of this change is, according to Newton's second law, acceleration, but non-kinetic expressions such as deformation can also occur. The SI unit for force is the newton. Force - Elementary concepts. Force in its most pr ...

Including:

• Force - Elementary concepts
• Force - Quantitative definition
• Force - Types of force
• Force - Properties of force
• Force - Forces in theory
• Force - Units of measurement
• Force - Non-SI units of force and mass
• Force - Conversions
• Force - Forces in everyday life
• Force - Forces in the laboratory
• Force - Founding experiments
• Force - Instruments to measure forces
• Force - History

Read more here: » Force: Encyclopedia - Force

A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top. In its human-powered form, the canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of canoe. Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull, or kneeling directly upon the hull. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Pa ...

Including:

• Canoe - Ambiguity over the word Canoe
• Canoe - Design and construction
• Canoe - The parts of a canoe
• Canoe - Canoe materials
• Canoe - Rounded and flat bottoms
• Canoe - Keels
• Canoe - Types of canoes
• Canoe - Modern designs
• Canoe - Traditional designs
• Canoe - Other boats that are not canoes
• Canoe - Use
• Canoe - Steering
• Canoe - Paddle strokes
• Canoe - Setting poles

Read more here: » Canoe: Encyclopedia - Canoe

A bicycle, or bike, is a pedal-driven land vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. First introduced in 19th-century Europe, bicycles evolved quickly into their familiar, current design. Numbering over 1,000,000,000 in the world today, bicycles provide the principal means of transportation in many regions and a popular form of recreational transport in others. To distinguish a bicycle from a mot ...

Including:

• Bicycle - History
• Bicycle - Technical aspects
• Bicycle - Legal requirements
• Bicycle - Construction and parts
• Bicycle - Performance
• Bicycle - Bicycle physics
• Bicycle - Social and historical aspects
• Bicycle - Economic and social implications
• Bicycle - Bicycles at work
• Bicycle - Bicycle recreation
• Bicycle - Bicycles and war
• Bicycle - Bicycle racing
• Bicycle - Modal share: cycle use in modern cities
• Bicycle - Cycling activism
• Bicycle - Types of bicycle
• Bicycle - Standards
• Bicycle - Notes

Read more here: » Bicycle: Encyclopedia - Bicycle

The technology of atmospheric reentry was a consequence of the Cold War. Ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons were legacies of World War II left to both the Soviet Union and the United States. Both nations initiated massive research and development programs to further the military capability of those technologies. However before a missile delivered nuclear weapon could be practical there lacked an essential ingredient: an atmospheric reentry technology. In theory, the nation first developing a reentry technology had a decisive milit ...

Including:

• Atmospheric reentry - Introduction
• Atmospheric reentry - Terminology definitions and jargon
• Atmospheric reentry - Blunt body entry vehicles
• Atmospheric reentry - Entry vehicle shapes
• Atmospheric reentry - Shock layer gas physics
• Atmospheric reentry - Ablative heat shields
• Atmospheric reentry - Thermal soak heat shields
• Atmospheric reentry - Passively cooled heat shields
• Atmospheric reentry - Actively cooled heat shields
• Atmospheric reentry - Feathered reentry
• Atmospheric reentry - Entry vehicle design considerations
• Atmospheric reentry - History's most difficult atmospheric entry
• Atmospheric reentry - Notable atmospheric entry mishaps
• Atmospheric reentry - Uncontrolled reentry
• Atmospheric reentry - Reference books
• Atmospheric reentry - Commentary about the reference books

Read more here: » Atmospheric reentry: Encyclopedia - Atmospheric reentry

The Soviet 5.45 × 39 mm M74 round was introduced into service in 1974 in the AK-74 assault rifle, an updated version of the AK-47, and the AKSU-74 carbine/sub-machine gun. The round, which replaced the 7.62 × 39 mm round then in Soviet service, was likely developed based on Soviet observation of the American 5.56 × 45 mm round in Vietnam. The Russian military-issue 5N7 specification 5.45 mm bullets are a somewhat complex full metal jacket design. Some people have said that the Rus ...

Including:

• 5.45 x 39 mm M74 - Specifications

Read more here: » 5.45 x 39 mm M74: Encyclopedia - 5.45 x 39 mm M74

In Greek mythology, Ἀχιλλεύς, transliterated to Akhilleus or Achilleus in Roman letters, Latinized from this ancient Greek to Achilles, appearing in Etruscan as Achle, was a hero (ancient Greek heros, "defender") of the Trojan War, the greatest and the most central character of Homer's Iliad. Achilles - Name. The very first two lines of the Iliad read (in transliteration): "Menin aeide th ...

Including:

• Achilles - Name
• Achilles - Birth
• Achilles - Achilles in the Trojan War
• Achilles - Telephus
• Achilles - During the Trojan War
• Achilles - Other Stories About Achilles
• Achilles - The Lost Play of Aeschylus
• Achilles - Spoken-word myths audio
• Achilles - Achilles in Music
• Achilles - Achilles in film
• Achilles - Namesakes
• Achilles - Bibliography

Read more here: » Achilles: Encyclopedia - Achilles

A vortex is a spinning turbulent flow (or any spiral whirling motion) with closed streamlines. The shape of media or mass rotating rapidly around a center forms a vortex. It is a flow involving rotation about an axis (not always oriented vertically though; sometimes possessing a horizontal axis). Vortex - Dynamics. A vortex can be any circular or rotary flow that possesses vorticity.[1] Vorticity is a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics. It can be related to the amou ...

Including:

• Vortex - Dynamics
• Vortex - Two special cases
• Vortex - Observations
• Vortex - Instances
• Vortex - References and further reading

Read more here: » Vortex: Encyclopedia - Vortex