Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life (and most viruses). DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides. In complex cells (eukaryotes), such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes (the eubacter ...

Including:

• DNA - Overview
• DNA - DNA in practice
• DNA - DNA in crime
• DNA - DNA in computation
• DNA - Overview of molecular structure
• DNA - The role of the sequence
• DNA - DNA replication
• DNA - Mechanical properties relevant to biology
• DNA - Strands association and dissociation
• DNA - Circular DNA
• DNA - Great length versus tiny breadth
• DNA - Entropic stretching behavior
• DNA - Different helix geometries
• DNA - Non-helical forms
• DNA - Direction of DNA strands
• DNA - Chemical nomenclature 5' and 3'
• DNA - Sense and antisense
• DNA - Distinction between sense and antisense strands
• DNA - As viewed by topologists
• DNA - Single-stranded DNA ssDNA and repair of mutations
• DNA - The history of DNA research
• DNA - First isolation of DNA
• DNA - Establishing a link between heritable traits and chromosomes
• DNA - Discovery of the structure of DNA
• DNA - Bibliography

Read more here: » DNA: Encyclopedia - DNA

Including:

• DNA-DNA hybridisation - Advantages and disadvantages

Read more here: » DNA-DNA hybridisation: Encyclopedia - DNA-DNA hybridisation

DNA - DNA in crime. Forensic scientists can use DNA located in blood, semen, skin, saliva, or hair left at the scene of a crime to identify a possible suspect, a process called genetic fingerprinting or DNA profiling. In DNA profiling the relative lengths of sections of repetitive DNA, such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites, are compared. DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by English geneticist Alec Jeffreys, and was first used to convict Colin Pitchfork in 1986 in the Enderby murders case in Leicesters ...

See also:

DNA, DNA - Overview, DNA - DNA pairing, DNA - DNA in practice, DNA - DNA in crime, DNA - DNA in computation, DNA - Overview of molecular structure, DNA - The role of the sequence, DNA - DNA replication, DNA - Mechanical properties relevant to biology, DNA - Strands association and dissociation, DNA - Circular DNA, DNA - Great length versus tiny breadth, DNA - Entropic stretching behavior, DNA - Different helix geometries, DNA - Non-helical forms, DNA - Direction of DNA strands, DNA - Chemical nomenclature 5' and 3', DNA - Sense and antisense, DNA - Distinction between sense and antisense strands, DNA - As viewed by topologists, DNA - Single-stranded DNA ssDNA and repair of mutations, DNA - The history of DNA research, DNA - First isolation of DNA, DNA - Establishing a link between heritable traits and chromosomes, DNA - Discovery of the structure of DNA

Read more here: » DNA: Encyclopedia II - DNA - DNA in practice

At King's College Wilkins pursued, among other things X-ray diffraction work on DNA that had been obtained from calf thymus by the Swiss scientist Rudolf Signer. The DNA from Signer's lab was much more intact than the DNA which had previously been isolated. Wilkins discovered that it was possible to produce thin threads from this concentrated DNA solution that contained highly ordered arrays of DNA suitable for the production of X-ray diffraction patterns[2]See also:

Maurice Wilkins, Maurice Wilkins - Early Life and Career, Maurice Wilkins - DNA, Maurice Wilkins - Books featuring Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

Read more here: » Maurice Wilkins: Encyclopedia II - Maurice Wilkins - DNA

The software for h2g2 - and all of its related 'sister' communities in the BBC, such as "Filmnetwork", "Action Network", and "Peoples War" - is affectionately known as DNA, after the initials of author and site founder Douglas Noel Adams. The DNA technology was introduced a few months after the BBC takeover. Before this technology, there was "Ripley", which was named after the character from the film Aliens, in homage to the quote "I say we take off and nuke the entire site from orbit. It's the only way to be sure." Before that there was a technology with no particular name, which subsequentl ...

See also:

H2G2, H2G2 - History, H2G2 - Terms and Conditions, H2G2 - Editing process, H2G2 - Peer Review, H2G2 - Sub-Editing, H2G2 - Updating, H2G2 - The Workshops, H2G2 - The Unedited Guide, H2G2 - The UnderGuide, H2G2 - The community, H2G2 - The Italics, H2G2 - Volunteers, H2G2 - Clubs and societies, H2G2 - The Post, H2G2 - DNA, H2G2 - The skins

Read more here: » H2G2: Encyclopedia II - H2G2 - DNA

The discovery that DNA was the carrier of genetic information was a process that required many earlier discoveries. The existence of DNA was discovered in the mid 19th century. However, it was only in the early 20th century that researchers began suggesting that it might store genetic information. This was only accepted after the structure of DNA was elucidated by Watson and Crick in their 1953 Nature publication. Watson and Crick proposed the central dogma of molecular biology in 1957, describing the process whereby proteins are produced from nucleic DNA. ...

See also:

DNA, DNA - Overview, DNA - DNA in practice, DNA - DNA in crime, DNA - DNA in computation, DNA - Overview of molecular structure, DNA - The role of the sequence, DNA - DNA replication, DNA - Mechanical properties relevant to biology, DNA - Strands association and dissociation, DNA - Circular DNA, DNA - Great length versus tiny breadth, DNA - Entropic stretching behavior, DNA - Different helix geometries, DNA - Non-helical forms, DNA - Direction of DNA strands, DNA - Chemical nomenclature 5' and 3', DNA - Sense and antisense, DNA - Distinction between sense and antisense strands, DNA - As viewed by topologists, DNA - Single-stranded DNA ssDNA and repair of mutations, DNA - The history of DNA research, DNA - First isolation of DNA, DNA - Establishing a link between heritable traits and chromosomes, DNA - Discovery of the structure of DNA, DNA - Bibliography

Read more here: » DNA: Encyclopedia II - DNA - The history of DNA research

The human DNA is a biological Internet and superior in many aspects to the artificial one. The latest Russian scientific research directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as clairvoyance, intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing, self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light/auras around people (namely spiritual masters), the mind�s influence on weather patterns and much more.

Read more here: » Spiritual Science: DNA is influneced by words and frequencies

This section presents an introductory and therefore incomplete overview of DNA. Genes can be loosely viewed as the organism's "cookbook" or "blueprint"; A strand of DNA contains genes, areas that regulate genes, and areas that either have no function, or a function which we do not (yet) know: also see last bullet point in this section for the difference between DNA and RNA; DNA is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with bonds between them that can be "unzipped" like a zipper, separating the st ...

See also:

DNA, DNA - Overview, DNA - DNA pairing, DNA - DNA in practice, DNA - DNA in crime, DNA - DNA in computation, DNA - Overview of molecular structure, DNA - The role of the sequence, DNA - DNA replication, DNA - Mechanical properties relevant to biology, DNA - Strands association and dissociation, DNA - Circular DNA, DNA - Great length versus tiny breadth, DNA - Entropic stretching behavior, DNA - Different helix geometries, DNA - Non-helical forms, DNA - Direction of DNA strands, DNA - Chemical nomenclature 5' and 3', DNA - Sense and antisense, DNA - Distinction between sense and antisense strands, DNA - As viewed by topologists, DNA - Single-stranded DNA ssDNA and repair of mutations, DNA - The history of DNA research, DNA - First isolation of DNA, DNA - Establishing a link between heritable traits and chromosomes, DNA - Discovery of the structure of DNA

Read more here: » DNA: Encyclopedia II - DNA - Overview

A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine), and typically these are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC. This coded sequence is sometimes referred to as genetic information. A succession of any number of nucleot ...

Read more here: » DNA sequence: Encyclopedia - DNA sequence

DNA methylation is a type of chemical modification of DNA that can be inherited without changing the DNA sequence. As such, it is part of the epigenetic code. DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to DNA — for example, to the number 5 carbon of the cytosine pyrimidine ring. DNA methylation is probably universal in eukaryotes. In humans, approximately 1% of DNA bases undergo DNA methylation. In adult somatic tissues, DNA methylation typically occurs in a CpG dinucleotide context; non ...

Including:

• DNA methylation - DNA methylation in mammals
• DNA methylation - DNA methylation in humans
• DNA methylation - DNA methylation in plants

Read more here: » DNA methylation: Encyclopedia - DNA methylation

DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. A single gram of DNA with volume of 1 cm³ can hold as much information as a trillion compact discs. This field was initially developed by Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California. In 1994, Adleman demonstrated a proof-of-concept use of DNA as form of computation which was used to solve the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem. Since the initial Adleman experiments, advances have been made, and various T ...

Read more here: » DNA computing: Encyclopedia - DNA computing

DNA repair is a process constantly operating in cells; it is essential to survival because it protects the genome from damage and harmful mutations. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors (such as UV rays) can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 500,000 individual molecular lesions per cell per day. These lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule, and can dramatically alter the cell's way of reading the information encoded in its genes. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly operating, to ...

Including:

• DNA repair - DNA damage
• DNA repair - Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA damage
• DNA repair - Sources of damage
• DNA repair - Types of damage
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms
• DNA repair - Single strand damage
• DNA repair - Double strand breaks
• DNA repair - DNA repair in disease and aging
• DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology
• DNA repair - DNA repair rate is variable
• DNA repair - Hereditary DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Chronic DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Longevity genes and DNA repair
• DNA repair - Caloric restriction increases DNA repair
• DNA repair - DNA repair and evolution
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms are ancient
• DNA repair - Disease death and evolution
• DNA repair - Medicine & DNA repair modulation
• DNA repair - Cancer treatment
• DNA repair - Gene therapy
• DNA repair - Gene repair

Read more here: » DNA repair: Encyclopedia - DNA repair

In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template. cDNA is often used to clone eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes. Complementary DNA - Overview. The central dogma of molecular biology outlines that in synthesizing proteins, DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into protein. One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA is that eukaryotic mRNA can contain introns (intervening sequences), which are not coding sequences, per se, and must be sp ...

Including:

• Complementary DNA - Overview
• Complementary DNA - Synthesis
• Complementary DNA - Applications

Read more here: » Complementary DNA: Encyclopedia - Complementary DNA

Z-DNA is a form of DNA in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern (instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form). Z-DNA was the first crystal structure of a DNA molecule to be solved (see: x-ray crystallography). It was solved by Alexander Rich and co-workers in 1979 at MIT (Wang et al. 1979). Z-DNA is quite different from the right-handed forms. Z-DNA is often compared against B-DNA in order to illustrate the major differences. This unique type of DNA can form alternating purine-pyrimidine tracts under very specific conditions. These conditions include high salt, the pre ...

Including:

• Z-DNA - Representation of various forms of DNA
• Z-DNA - Comparison Geometries of Some DNA Forms

Read more here: » Z-DNA: Encyclopedia - Z-DNA

A DNA-binding protein is any protein that binds to double- or single-stranded DNA. Examples include many proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression (including transcription factors), proteins involved in the packaging of DNA within the nucleus (such as histones), nucleic acid dependent-polymerases involved in DNA replication and transcription, or any of many accessory proteins which are involved in these processes. Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins generally interact with the major groove of B-DNA, because it e

Read more here: » DNA-binding protein: Encyclopedia - DNA-binding protein

A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that assists in DNA replication. Such enzymes catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides alongside a DNA strand, which they "read" and use as a template. The newly polymerized molecule is complementary to the template strand and identical to the template's partner strand. All DNA polymerases synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. No known DNA polymerase is able to begin a new chain (de novo). They can only add a nucleotide onto a preexisting 3'- OH group. For this reason DNA poly ...

Including:

• DNA polymerase - Bacteria
• DNA polymerase - Eukaryotes

Read more here: » DNA polymerase: Encyclopedia - DNA polymerase

DNA replication or DNA synthesis is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand in a cell, prior to cell division. In eukaryotes, this is during the S phase of the cell cycle, preceding mitosis and meiosis. The two resulting double strands are identical (if the replication went well), and each of them consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand. This is called semiconservative replication. The process of replication consists of three steps, initiation, replication and terminationIncluding:

• DNA replication - Steps
• DNA replication - Initiation
• DNA replication - Replication
• DNA replication - Termination
• DNA replication - Equation
• DNA replication - Organization of multiple replication sites
• DNA replication - Measurement
• DNA replication - Conditional mutants
• DNA replication - External link

Read more here: » DNA replication: Encyclopedia - DNA replication

Definition and meaning of DNA:

DNA (deoxyribosenucleic acid) - also termed deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecule that encodes genetic information in the cells. It resembles a double helix held together by weak bonds of four nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) that are repeated ad infinitum in various sequences. These sequences combine into genes that govern the production of proteins. The DNA located within the nuclear membrane of eukaryotic cells is sometimes referred to as nDNA

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

For more dictionary entries, see » Dna Dictionary

Cells cannot tolerate DNA damage that compromises the integrity and accessibility of essential information in the genome (but cells remain superficially functional when so-called "non-essential" genes are missing or damaged). Depending on the type of damage inflicted on the DNA's double helical structure, a variety of repair strategies has evolved to restore lost information. As templates for restoration cells use the unmodified complementary strand of the DNA or the sister chromosome. Without access to template information, DNA repair is er ...

See also:

DNA repair, DNA repair - DNA damage, DNA repair - Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA damage, DNA repair - Sources of damage, DNA repair - Types of damage, DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms, DNA repair - Single strand damage, DNA repair - Double strand breaks, DNA repair - DNA repair in disease and aging, DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology, DNA repair - DNA repair rate is variable, DNA repair - Hereditary DNA repair disorders, DNA repair - Chronic DNA repair disorders, DNA repair - Longevity genes and DNA repair, DNA repair - Caloric restriction increases DNA repair, DNA repair - DNA repair and evolution, DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms are ancient, DNA repair - Disease death and evolution, DNA repair - Medicine & DNA repair modulation, DNA repair - Cancer treatment, DNA repair - Gene therapy, DNA repair - Gene repair

Read more here: » DNA repair: Encyclopedia II - DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms

In humans, the process of DNA methylation is carried out by three enzymes, DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b (DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b). It is thought that DNMT3a and DNMT3b are the de novo methyltransferases that set up DNA methylation patterns early in development. DNMT1 is the proposed maintenance methyltransferase that is responsible for copying DNA methylation patterns to the daughter strands during DNA replication. DNMT3L is a protein that is homologous to the other DNMTs but has no catalytic activity. Instead, DNMT3L assists the de novo methyltransferases by increasing ...

See also:

DNA methylation, DNA methylation - DNA methylation in mammals, DNA methylation - DNA methylation in humans, DNA methylation - DNA methylation in plants

Read more here: » DNA methylation: Encyclopedia II - DNA methylation - DNA methylation in humans