Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of texts, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough 1989: 20) and attempts "to unpack the ideological underpinnings of discourse that have become so naturalized over time that we begin to treat them as common, acceptable and natural features of discourse" (Teo 2000). Norman Fairclough's books, Language and Power (1989) and Critical Discourse Analysis (1995), articulate a three-dimensional framework for stud ...

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Within the framework of skepticism, critical thinking is the process of acquiring information and evaluating it to reach a well-justified conclusion or answer. Part of critical thinking comprises informal logic. Increasingly, based on research in cognitive psychology, educators believe that schools should focus more on teaching their students critical thinking skills than on memorizing facts by rote-learning. The process of critical thinking responds to many subjects and situations, finding connections between them. It is, therefore, ...

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Critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overview, Critical thinking - Methods of critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overcoming bias, Critical thinking - Reaching a conclusion

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Critical thinking is a mental process of analyzing or evaluating information, particularly statements or propositions that are offered as true. It is a process of reflecting upon the meaning of statements, examining the offered evidence and reasoning, and forming judgments about the facts. Such information may be gathered from observation, experience, reasoning, or communication. Critical thinking has its basis in intellectual values that go beyond subject matter divisions and include: clarity, a ...

Including:

Critical thinking - Overview Critical thinking - Methods of critical thinking
Critical thinking - Overcoming bias Critical thinking - Reaching a conclusion

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Critical thinking has a useful sequence to follow: Itemize opinion(s) from all relevant sides of an issue and collect Logical argument(s) supporting each. Break the arguments into their constituent statements and draw out various additional implication(s) from these statements. Examine these statements and implications for internal contradictions. Locate opposing claims between the various arguments and assign relative weights to opposing claims. Increase the weighting when the clai ...

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Critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overview, Critical thinking - Methods of critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overcoming bias, Critical thinking - Reaching a conclusion

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Buddhism: Buddhist Scriptures

The Buddhist canon of scripture is known in Sanskrit as the Tripitaka and in Pali as the Tipitaka. These terms literally mean "three baskets" and refers to the three main divisions of the canon, which are:

1.    The Vinaya Piaaka, containing disciplinary rules for the Sangha of Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as a range of other texts which explain why and how rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification.

2.    The Sutta Pitaka (Pali; Sanskrit: Sutra Pitaka), containing discourses of the Buddha.

3.    The Abhidhamma or commentary Pitaka, containing a philosophical systematization of the Buddha's teaching, including a detailed analysis of Buddhist psychology.

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Deuteronomy consists chiefly of three discourses said to have been delivered by Moses a short time before his death, given to the Israelites, in the plains of Moab, in the penultimate month of the final year of their wanderings through the wilderness. The first discourse (1-4) is a historical recollection, recapitulating the chief events of the past forty years in the wilderness, with earnest hortatory exhortations to obedience to the divine ordinances, and warnings agains ...

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Deuteronomy, Deuteronomy - Origin of the name Deuteronomy, Deuteronomy - Summary of the book, Deuteronomy - Analysis of authorship, Deuteronomy - Early Jewish analysis, Deuteronomy - Apologetics, Deuteronomy - Modern critical analysis

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Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

Including:

Psychology - History Psychology - Principles of psychology
Psychology - Mind and brain Psychology - Schools of thought
Psychology - Scope of psychology
Psychology - Biological basis: the brain Psychology - Information processing: the mind Psychology - Change over time: development Psychology - Interaction with others Psychology - Study of animals in psychology Psychology - Mental health Psychology - Applied psychology
Psychology - Research methods
Psychology - Controlled experiments Psychology - Correlational studies Psychology - Longitudinal studies Psychology - Neuropsychological methods Psychology - Computational modeling
Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Within the framework of skepticism, the process of critical thinking involves acquiring information and evaluating it to reach a well-justified conclusion or answer. Part of critical thinking comprises informal logic. Given research in cognitive psychology, educators increasingly believe that schools should focus more on teaching their students critical thinking skills than on memorizing facts by rote-learning. The process of critical thinking responds to many subjects and situations, finding connections between them. It forms, theref ...

See also:

Critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overview, Critical thinking - Methods of critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overcoming bias, Critical thinking - Reaching a conclusion, Critical thinking - Critical thinking in the classroom, Critical thinking - Quotation

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Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible. It is part of Judaism's Torah - the first segment of the Tanakh. It later became part of Christianity's Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is Devarim דברים ("words"), which comes from the opening phrase "Eleh ha-devarim" ("These are the words..."). The term can also stretch to mean "discourses" or "talks", as is generally the case with the Greek word "logos". Deuteronomy - Origin of the name Deuteronomy. The English name, "Deuteronomy" ...

Including:

Deuteronomy - Origin of the name Deuteronomy Deuteronomy - Summary of the book Deuteronomy - Analysis of authorship
Deuteronomy - Early Jewish analysis Deuteronomy - Apologetics Deuteronomy - Modern critical analysis

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Critical thinking has a useful sequence to follow: Itemize opinion(s) from all relevant sides of an issue and collect Logical argument(s) supporting each. Break the arguments into their constituent statements and draw out various additional implication(s) from these statements. Examine these statements and implications for internal contradictions. Locate opposing claims between the various arguments and assign relative weightings to opposing claims. Increase the weighting when the claims have ...

See also:

Critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overview, Critical thinking - Methods of critical thinking, Critical thinking - Overcoming bias, Critical thinking - Reaching a conclusion, Critical thinking - Critical thinking in the classroom, Critical thinking - Quotation

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The Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ariya atthangika magga), according to Buddhism and as taught by Siddhartha Buddha, is the way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It is summarized into three important categories: wisdom (pañña), virtue (sila), and concentration (samadhi). The following is An Analysis of the Path, a sutra or discourse delivered by Siddhartha Buddha from the Tipitaka, explaining this Noble Eightfold Path in detail. In all these, the word "ri ...

Including:

Noble Eightfold Path - Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path - Virtue Ethical Conduct Noble Eightfold Path - Concentration Mental Development Noble Eightfold Path - The ninth and tenth elements

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Rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth can best be discovered by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to humanism and atheism, in that it aims to provide a framework for social and philosophical discourse outside of religious or supernatural beliefs; however, rationalism differs from both of these, in that: As its name suggests, humanism is centered o ...

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Rationalism - Rationalists

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Zellig Sabbetai Harris (October 23, 1909 - May 22, 1992) was an American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known for his work in structural linguistics and discourse analysis and for the discovery of transformational syntax. Harris was born in Balta, now Odessa oblast, Ukraine, and came with his family to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1913. A student in the Oriental Studies department, he received his bachelor's (1930), master's (1932), and doctoral (1934) deg ...

Including:

Zellig Harris - Works

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Archaeology, archeology or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavi ...

Including:

Archaeology - Usage note Archaeology - Ontology and definition Archaeology - Importance and applicability Archaeology - Goals
Archaeology - Academic sub-disciplines Archaeology - Cultural resources management
Archaeology - Field methods
Archaeology - Survey Archaeology - Excavation
Archaeology - Post-excavation analysis Archaeology - History of archaeology Archaeology - Archaeological theory Archaeology - Public archaeology
Archaeology - Pseudoarchaeology Archaeology - Looting Archaeology - Public outreach Archaeology - Descendant peoples

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Fairclough's line of study, also called textually oriented discourse analysis or TODA, to distinguish it from philosophical enquires not involving the use of linguistic methodology, is specially concerned with the mutual effects of formally linguistic textual properties, sociolinguistic speech genres, and formally sociological practices. The main thrust of his analysis is that, if —according to Foucaultian theory— practices are discursively shaped and enacted, the intrinsic properties of discourse, which are linguistically analysa ...

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Norman Fairclough, Norman Fairclough - Methodology of CDA, Norman Fairclough - Influences, Norman Fairclough - Publications, Norman Fairclough - Books, Norman Fairclough - Journal articles, Norman Fairclough - Articles in edited books, Norman Fairclough - Edited books, Norman Fairclough - External link

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Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = "soul" or "mind", logos/-ology = "study of") is an academic and applied field involving the study of mind and behavior. "Psychology" also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science in part because it involves studying the mental processes and behavior of individuals (alone or i ...

Including:

Psychology - History Psychology - Principles of psychology
Psychology - Schools of thought
Psychology - Scope of psychology
Psychology - Biological basis: the brain Psychology - Information processing: the mind Psychology - Change over time: development Psychology - Interaction with others Psychology - Study of animals in psychology Psychology - Mental health Psychology - Applied psychology
Psychology - Research methods
Psychology - Controlled experiments Psychology - Correlational studies Psychology - Longitudinal studies Psychology - Neuropsychological methods Psychology - Computational modeling
Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that comprise psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychological topics and List of psychology disciplines. Psychology - Biological basis: the brain. Main articles: Behavioral neuroscience, Cognitive neurosci ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - Scope of psychology

Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that comprise psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychological topics and list of psychology disciplines. Psychology - Biological basis: the brain. Main articles: Behavioral neuroscience, Cognitive neurosci ...

See also:

Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

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Main article: History of psychology The late 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study, because in that year German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig, Germany. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), the Russian Ivan Pavlov (who discovered the learning process of cl ...

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Psychology, Psychology - History, Psychology - Principles of psychology, Psychology - Mind and brain, Psychology - Schools of thought, Psychology - Scope of psychology, Psychology - Biological basis: the brain, Psychology - Information processing: the mind, Psychology - Change over time: development, Psychology - Interaction with others, Psychology - Study of animals in psychology, Psychology - Mental health, Psychology - Applied psychology, Psychology - Research methods, Psychology - Controlled experiments, Psychology - Correlational studies, Psychology - Longitudinal studies, Psychology - Neuropsychological methods, Psychology - Computational modeling, Psychology - Criticisms of psychology

Read more here: » Psychology: Encyclopedia II - Psychology - History