List of academic disciplines - Anthropology. Biological anthropology Primate behavior Human evolution Population genetics Forensic anthropology Anthropological linguistics Synchronic linguistics (or Descriptive linguistics) Diachronic linguistics (or Historical linguistics) Educational Ethnolinguistics Sociolinguistics Archeology Cultural anthropology Anthropology of r ...

See also:

List of academic disciplines, List of academic disciplines - Natural sciences, List of academic disciplines - Astronomy, List of academic disciplines - Behavioral science, List of academic disciplines - Biology, List of academic disciplines - Chemistry, List of academic disciplines - Physics, List of academic disciplines - Earth sciences, List of academic disciplines - Mathematics and computer science, List of academic disciplines - Mathematics, List of academic disciplines - Computer science, List of academic disciplines - Social sciences, List of academic disciplines - Anthropology, List of academic disciplines - Archaeology, List of academic disciplines - Communications, List of academic disciplines - Economics, List of academic disciplines - Ethnic Studies, List of academic disciplines - Ethnology, List of academic disciplines - History, List of academic disciplines - Geography, List of academic disciplines - Linguistics, List of academic disciplines - Political science, List of academic disciplines - Psychology, List of academic disciplines - Semiotics, List of academic disciplines - Sociology, List of academic disciplines - Humanities and arts, List of academic disciplines - Area studies sometimes called cultural studies, List of academic disciplines - Art, List of academic disciplines - Classics, List of academic disciplines - Creative writing, List of academic disciplines - Dance, List of academic disciplines - English literature, List of academic disciplines - Film studies and film criticism, List of academic disciplines - Folklore, List of academic disciplines - History, List of academic disciplines - Linguistics, List of academic disciplines - Literature and cultural studies, List of academic disciplines - Music, List of academic disciplines - Museology, List of academic disciplines - Mythology, List of academic disciplines - Philology, List of academic disciplines - Philosophy, List of academic disciplines - Religious studies, List of academic disciplines - Theatre, List of academic disciplines - Women's studies and gender studies, List of academic disciplines - Professions / Applied sciences, List of academic disciplines - Design, List of academic disciplines - Business, List of academic disciplines - Education, List of academic disciplines - Engineering, List of academic disciplines - Ergonomics, List of academic disciplines - Agriculture, List of academic disciplines - Forestry, List of academic disciplines - Family and consumer science, List of academic disciplines - Journalism and mass communications, List of academic disciplines - Law, List of academic disciplines - Library and information science, List of academic disciplines - Health sciences, List of academic disciplines - Military science, List of academic disciplines - Public affairs and community service

Read more here: » List of academic disciplines: Encyclopedia II - List of academic disciplines - Social sciences

List of academic disciplines - Mathematics. Algebra Analysis Calculus Game theory Geometry Information theory Number theory Probability theory Statistics Topology For a more extensive list, see list of mathematics articles, and list of mathematics lists. List of academic disciplines - Computer science. Algorithms Artificial intelligence Computer securit ...

See also:

List of academic disciplines, List of academic disciplines - Natural sciences, List of academic disciplines - Astronomy, List of academic disciplines - Behavioral science, List of academic disciplines - Biology, List of academic disciplines - Chemistry, List of academic disciplines - Physics, List of academic disciplines - Earth sciences, List of academic disciplines - Mathematics and computer science, List of academic disciplines - Mathematics, List of academic disciplines - Computer science, List of academic disciplines - Social sciences, List of academic disciplines - Anthropology, List of academic disciplines - Archaeology, List of academic disciplines - Communications, List of academic disciplines - Economics, List of academic disciplines - Ethnic Studies, List of academic disciplines - Ethnology, List of academic disciplines - History, List of academic disciplines - Geography, List of academic disciplines - Linguistics, List of academic disciplines - Political science, List of academic disciplines - Psychology, List of academic disciplines - Semiotics, List of academic disciplines - Sociology, List of academic disciplines - Humanities and arts, List of academic disciplines - Area studies sometimes called cultural studies, List of academic disciplines - Art, List of academic disciplines - Classics, List of academic disciplines - Creative writing, List of academic disciplines - Dance, List of academic disciplines - English literature, List of academic disciplines - Film studies and film criticism, List of academic disciplines - Folklore, List of academic disciplines - History, List of academic disciplines - Linguistics, List of academic disciplines - Literature and cultural studies, List of academic disciplines - Music, List of academic disciplines - Museology, List of academic disciplines - Mythology, List of academic disciplines - Philology, List of academic disciplines - Philosophy, List of academic disciplines - Religious studies, List of academic disciplines - Theatre, List of academic disciplines - Women's studies and gender studies, List of academic disciplines - Professions / Applied sciences, List of academic disciplines - Design, List of academic disciplines - Business, List of academic disciplines - Education, List of academic disciplines - Engineering, List of academic disciplines - Ergonomics, List of academic disciplines - Agriculture, List of academic disciplines - Forestry, List of academic disciplines - Family and consumer science, List of academic disciplines - Journalism and mass communications, List of academic disciplines - Law, List of academic disciplines - Library and information science, List of academic disciplines - Health sciences, List of academic disciplines - Military science, List of academic disciplines - Public affairs and community service

Read more here: » List of academic disciplines: Encyclopedia II - List of academic disciplines - Mathematics and computer science

Lloyd deMause and others have argued that psychohistory is a field of scientific inquiry with its own peculiar methods, objectives and theories and that it is separate from history and anthropology. Some historians, social scientists and anthropologists have, however, argued that their disciplines already describe psychological motivation and that Psychohistory is not, therefore, a separate subject. Others have dismissed deMause's theories and motives arguing that the emphasis given by Psychohistory to speculation on the psychological ...

See also:

Psychohistory, Psychohistory - Description, Psychohistory - Areas of Psychohistorical Study, Psychohistory - Emergence as a Discipline, Psychohistory - Independence as a Discipline, Psychohistory - Organisations and Centers of Study, Psychohistory - Notable psychohistorians, Psychohistory - Compare with

Read more here: » Psychohistory: Encyclopedia II - Psychohistory - Independence as a Discipline

Scheduling disciplines are algorithms of distributing resources among parties which simultaneously and asynchronously request them. Scheduling disciplines are used in routers (to handle packet traffic) as well as in operating systems (to share CPU time among threads and processes). The main purposes of scheduling algorithms are to minimize resource starvation and to assure fairness amongst the parties utilizing the resources. See also:

Scheduling, Scheduling - NP-hard, Scheduling - Scheduling disciplines, Scheduling - Common scheduling practices, Scheduling - Disk arm scheduling

Read more here: » Scheduling: Encyclopedia II - Scheduling - Scheduling disciplines

Advocates of non-violent discipline state that modeling is an extremely effective disciplinary tool, but it also places the greatest demands upon the parent. The parent must consistently show the child what kind of life is expected of him by not doing anything that the parent will not allow the child to do. Showing the child appropriate behavior will teach the child far faster and far more deeply than will disciplinary action for misbehavior. Modeling is worthy of the efforts of every parent and shows the child by example that the parent ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Modeling

Often, when a child misbehaves, there are natural consequences. Advocates of the "consequential" approach state that these consequences should be their discipline, and that in this way the lesson will be remembered far longer than will punishment. Many thus believe that, within reason, children should be allowed to learn from their own mistakes. For instance, if a child wants to eat all their Halloween candy in one sitting despite being warned of the consequences, these parents would allow them to do so - assuming that the resulting indigest ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Consequences

Sigmund Freud is probably most qualified to be described as the inventor of the field, since his works, such as Civilization and Its Discontents (1929), often included historical analysis supported by his theories of psychoanalysis. The psychologist and philosopher Erich Fromm wrote on the psychological motivation behind political ideology, stating with The Fear of Freedom in 1941. The actual term "psychohistory" was coined by Isaac Asimov in his Foundation Trilogy universe (1951 onwards), as the name for a fictional science able to mathematically predict the beh ...

See also:

Psychohistory, Psychohistory - Description, Psychohistory - Areas of Psychohistorical Study, Psychohistory - Emergence as a Discipline, Psychohistory - Independence as a Discipline, Psychohistory - Organisations and Centers of Study, Psychohistory - Notable psychohistorians, Psychohistory - Compare with

Read more here: » Psychohistory: Encyclopedia II - Psychohistory - Emergence as a Discipline

Praise and rewards (hugs, time with the child, etc.) for good behavior similarly goes much further as discipline than does punishment (see positive reinforcement). Simply giving the child positive attention and respect when he is not misbehaving will also act as an extremely strong reinforcer for good behavior. It is very common for children who are otherwise ignored by their parents to turn to misbehavior as a way of seeking attention. Advocates of this method differ on the question of what exactly should be used as rewards. Some, for instance, are strongly opposed to the use of food or sweets as rew ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards

Distraction is a method of stopping young children from continuing a problem behaviour. For example, if the parent sees the young child involved in an unacceptable behavior, the parent suggest to the child a more interesting alternative, such as reading a book together, a dance around the room, sitting together in the rocker, singing songs, etc. This is followed by continuing to play with the child until her unacceptable behavior is forgotten, then take her from the area for other ac ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Distraction

One method often used for young children (most commonly ages 2-5) is the use of time-outs. A time-out involves isolating the child for a relatively short period of time, generally just a few minutes. Although the giving of time-outs is an extremely common parenting practice, it is also very widely misunderstood and misapplied. Most people think the purpose of time-outs is punishment. However, most child-rearing experts have never advocated using time-outs in this way. Ideally, the time-out is intended to give an over-excited child time to ca ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs

Forensic anthropologists do not determine cause of death of victims but their opinions may be taken into consideration by the coroner with the proper legal authority to do so. Their interpretation of evidence can help a coroner decide manner of death, such as homicide, suicide, accident, natural causes or whether the cause must remain undetermined due to lack of medical or physical evidence. The testimony of the anthropologist as an expert witness to the court relies on the ...

See also:

Forensic anthropology, Forensic anthropology - The discipline, Forensic anthropology - Forensic anthropology in the United States, Forensic anthropology - Forensic anthropologists of note

Read more here: » Forensic anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Forensic anthropology - The discipline

Treatise on the Discipline for Attaining Enlightenment, The

(Chin.: P'u-t'i-tzu-liang-lun; Jpn.: Bodai-shiryo-ron)

A Chinese translation by Dharmagupta (d. 619), a monk from southern India, of a treatise consisting of original verses attributed to Nagarjuna (c. 150-250) and a prose commentary added later. It sets forth the six paramitas and other practices for bodhisattvas that are conducive to enlightenment.

(See also: Treatise on the Discipline for Attaining Enlightenment, Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment, Buddhism Enlightenment Dictionary)

Some sciences use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include: Actuarial science Biostatistics Business statistics Data mining (applying statistics and pattern recognition to discover knowledge from data) Economic statistics (Econometrics) Engineering statistics Statistical physics Demography Psychological statistics Social statistics (for all the social sciences) Statistical li ...

See also:

Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references

Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Specialized disciplines

International competitions in figure skating comprise the following disciplines: Singles competition for men and women (who are referred to as "ladies" in the official terminology of the sport). Singles skaters must perform jumps, spins, and step sequences in their programs. Pairs consisting of one lady and one man. Pairs perform singles elements in unison as well as pair-specific elements such as throw jumps, in which the male skater 'throws' the female into a jump; lifts, in which the female is held above t ...

See also:

Figure skating, Figure skating - Equipment, Figure skating - Disciplines, Figure skating - Jumps, Figure skating - Spins, Figure skating - Steps and turns, Figure skating - Competition format and scoring, Figure skating - History, Figure skating - Notable figure skaters, Figure skating - Navigation, Figure skating - Men, Figure skating - Ladies, Figure skating - Pairs, Figure skating - Ice Dance

Read more here: » Figure skating: Encyclopedia II - Figure skating - Disciplines

Lawyer - Bar associations. Main article: Bar association In the United States, all jurisdictions have a bar association (or equivalent) — an organization of which members of the bar in that jurisdiction may (or must) be members. Traditionally, the bar association issues a magazine or journal, forms committees to deal with issues relating to the bar such as fee disputes, rules, and the lik ...

See also:

Lawyer, Lawyer - Common law jurisdictions, Lawyer - The Commonwealth, Lawyer - United States of America, Lawyer - Civil law jurisdictions, Lawyer - Germany, Lawyer - Italy, Lawyer - Poland, Lawyer - Romania, Lawyer - Quebec, Lawyer - Investigation and prosecution, Lawyer - England Wales and Northern Ireland, Lawyer - Scotland, Lawyer - Court attire, Lawyer - Initial education, Lawyer - United States of America, Lawyer - Canada, Lawyer - Quebec, Lawyer - United Kingdom, Lawyer - Graduate degrees, Lawyer - United States, Lawyer - Canada, Lawyer - United Kingdom, Lawyer - Licensing and discipline, Lawyer - Bar associations, Lawyer - Canada

Read more here: » Lawyer: Encyclopedia II - Lawyer - Licensing and discipline

Lawyer - Bar associations. Main article: Bar association In the United States, all jurisdictions have a bar association (or equivalent) — an organization of which members of the bar in that jurisdiction may (or must) be members. Traditionally, the bar association issues a magazine or journal, forms committees to deal with issues relating to the bar such as fee disputes, rules, and the lik ...

See also:

Lawyer, Lawyer - Common law jurisdictions, Lawyer - The Commonwealth, Lawyer - United States of America, Lawyer - Civil law jurisdictions, Lawyer - Germany, Lawyer - Italy, Lawyer - The Netherlands, Lawyer - Poland, Lawyer - Romania, Lawyer - Quebec, Lawyer - Investigation and prosecution, Lawyer - England Wales and Northern Ireland, Lawyer - Scotland, Lawyer - Court attire, Lawyer - Initial education, Lawyer - United States of America, Lawyer - Canada, Lawyer - Quebec, Lawyer - United Kingdom, Lawyer - Graduate degrees, Lawyer - United States, Lawyer - Canada, Lawyer - United Kingdom, Lawyer - Licensing and discipline, Lawyer - Bar associations, Lawyer - Canada

Read more here: » Lawyer: Encyclopedia II - Lawyer - Licensing and discipline

A contemporary computer game may include advanced physics, artificial intelligence, 3D graphics, digitized sound, a custom musical score, complex strategy and may use several input devices (such as mice, keyboards, gamepads and joysticks) and may be playable against other people via the Internet or over a LAN. Each aspect of the game can consume all of one programmer's time and, in many cases, several programmers. Some programmers may specialize in one area of game programming, but many are familiar with several aspects. The number of programmers needed for each feature depends somewhat on programmers' skills, but mostly ar ...

See also:

Game programmer, Game programmer - History, Game programmer - Disciplines, Game programmer - Game physics programmer, Game programmer - Artificial intelligence programmer, Game programmer - Graphics programmer, Game programmer - Sound programmer, Game programmer - Gameplay programmer, Game programmer - Scripter, Game programmer - UI programmer, Game programmer - Input programmer, Game programmer - Network programmer, Game programmer - Game tools programmer, Game programmer - Porting programmer, Game programmer - Lead game programmer, Game programmer - Platforms, Game programmer - Experience needed, Game programmer - Compensation, Game programmer - Job security, Game programmer - Languages and tools, Game programmer - Notable game programmers

Read more here: » Game programmer: Encyclopedia II - Game programmer - Disciplines

A natural athlete, with a generally superb work ethic, the Thoroughbred excells in many equestrian sports. While warmblooded breeds are preferred over the Thoroughbred in both dressage and show jumping, the breed can occassionally competing at high levels in dressage, and the Grand Prix ring in show jumping. The flowing, long strided gaits and good jumping form makes the Thoroughbred a top show hunter as well. Of all the equestrian sports, the Thoroughbred is probably most suited for eventing, and dominates the highest levels: almost ...

See also:

Thoroughbred, Thoroughbred - Racing stables and/or breeding farms, Thoroughbred - The Thoroughbred in Other Disciplines, Thoroughbred - The Thoroughbred in Breeding

Read more here: » Thoroughbred: Encyclopedia II - Thoroughbred - The Thoroughbred in Other Disciplines

Though scholars and scientists had been chronicling the results of scientific endeavors for centuries (such as William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences from 1837, and the popular and historical accounts which accompanied the scientific revolution of the 17th century), the development of the distinct academic discipline of the history of science and technology did not occur until the early 20th century, and was intimately bound to the changing role of science during the same time period. The history of science was once exclu ...

See also:

Historiography of science, Historiography of science - The origins of the discipline, Historiography of science - The Hessen thesis and the birth of externalism, Historiography of science - Vannevar Bush and World War II, Historiography of science - Thomas Kuhn and the 1960s, Historiography of science - The discipline today, Historiography of science - Disciplinary figures

Read more here: » Historiography of science: Encyclopedia II - Historiography of science - The origins of the discipline

In the developed world, virtually every profession makes use of computers. However, certain professional and academic disciplines have evolved that specialize in techniques to construct, program, and use computers. Terminology for different professional disciplines is still somewhat fluid and new fields emerge from time to time: however, some of the major groupings are as follows: Computer engineering is the branch of electronic engineering devoted to the physical construction of computers and their attendant components. See also:

Computer, Computer - History of computing, Computer - How computers work: the stored program architecture, Computer - Digital circuits, Computer - I/O devices, Computer - Programs, Computer - Computer applications, Computer - Networking and the Internet, Computer - Computing professions and disciplines

Read more here: » Computer: Encyclopedia II - Computer - Computing professions and disciplines

Musicology - The new musicology. The New Musicology is a term applied to a wide body of work produced by many musicologists who consider themselves neither new nor New. Often based on the work of Theodor Adorno and feminist, gender studies, or postcolonial hypotheses, the New Musicology is the cultural study, analysis, and criticism of music. As Susan McClary says, "musicology fastidiously declares issues of musical signification off-limits to those engaged in legitimate scholarship." It is a measure of th ...

See also:

Musicology, Musicology - What is music?, Musicology - Ethnomusicology, Musicology - Other theories and disciplines, Musicology - The new musicology, Musicology - Music Cognition, Musicology - Biomusicology and zoomusicology, Musicology - Criticism, Musicology - Sources

Read more here: » Musicology: Encyclopedia II - Musicology - Other theories and disciplines

Engineering - Science. You see things; and you say "Why?" But I dream things that never were; and I say "Why not?" —George Bernard Shaw Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a practical problem. A scientist may ask why a problem arises, and proceed to research the answer to the question or actually solve the problem in his first try, perhaps creating a mathematical model of his observations. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a pr ...

See also:

Engineering, Engineering - Methodology, Engineering - Problem solving, Engineering - Computer use, Engineering - Etymology, Engineering - Cultural presence, Engineering - Legislation, Engineering - Comparison to other disciplines, Engineering - Science, Engineering - Other fields, Engineering - Top 15 branches, Engineering - Sources

Read more here: » Engineering: Encyclopedia II - Engineering - Comparison to other disciplines