Alprazolam Anxiety Panic attacks Abuse: Benzodiazepines are widely used for non-medical (i.e., recreational) purposes, and have occasionally been used as "date-rape" drugs Myasthenia gravis Sensitivity to benzodiazepines Acute angle closure glaucoma History of drug dependance or abuse (increased likelihood of dependence) Severe: jaundice (rare) A ...

Including:

• Alprazolam - Indications
• Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations
• Alprazolam - Mechanism of action
• Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics
• Alprazolam - Recreational use

Read more here: » Alprazolam: Encyclopedia - Alprazolam

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency, providing education, healthcare, social services and emergency aid to over four million Palestinian refugees living in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab republic. It was established in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War by the United Nations General Assembly under resolution 302 (IV) of December 8, 1949. UNRWA developed a working definition of refugee statu ...

Including:

• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Organisation and Administration
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Operations
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Education Programme
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Relief and Social Services Programme
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Health Programme
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Microenterprise & Microfinance Programme
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Emergency Operations
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Relations with Israel
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - October 1 2004 Incident
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Peter Hansen
• United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - UNWRA and the Palestinian Curriculum

Read more here: » United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East: Encyclopedia - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended consequences, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. Iatrogenesis (literally, generated by a physician) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause medical complication ...

Including:

• Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems
• Adverse effect medicine - USA
• Adverse effect medicine - Australia
• Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures
• Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs
• Adverse effect medicine - Controversies
• Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

Read more here: » Adverse effect medicine: Encyclopedia - Adverse effect medicine

Adjustable gastric banding is a form of weight loss surgery (bariatrics) designed for obesity patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater. It employs an inflatable silicone band which is implanted around the top portion of a person’s stomach via laparoscopic surgery. The implanted device creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach which fills up quickly and restricts the movement of the food into the bottom part of the stomach. This restriction creates a feeling of fullness which helps the person to eat less and there ...

Including:

• Adjustable gastric band - History of the procedure and device
• Adjustable gastric band - Indications
• Adjustable gastric band - Gastric banding as an alternative to other weight loss surgeries
• Adjustable gastric band - Losing weight after surgery
• Adjustable gastric band - Post-surgical diets
• Adjustable gastric band - The LAP-BAND in Australia
• Adjustable gastric band - Documented adverse effects
• Adjustable gastric band - Band & Port Specific
• Adjustable gastric band - Digestive
• Adjustable gastric band - Body as a whole
• Adjustable gastric band - Miscellaneous
• Adjustable gastric band - Celebrities
• Adjustable gastric band - Manufacturers

Read more here: » Adjustable gastric band: Encyclopedia - Adjustable gastric band

Infection with a Campylobacter species is one of the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis. In the United States, 15 out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with campylobacteriosis every year, and with many cases going unreported, up to 0.5% of the general population may unknowingly harbor Campylobacter in their gut annually. Diarrhea, cramps, abdominal pain, and fever develop within 2–5 days of picking up a pathogenic Campylobacter species, and in most people, the illness lasts for 7–10 days. But t ...

See also:

Campylobacter, Campylobacter - Infection, Campylobacter - Treatment, Campylobacter - Species, Campylobacter - Other resources, Campylobacter - References, Campylobacter - External links

Read more here: » Campylobacter: Encyclopedia II - Campylobacter - Infection

Oral contraceptive - Invention. In the late 1940s, Russell Marker, a professor of botany at the Pennsylvania State University, became interested in hormones that were naturally found in plants. He searched the Southwest examining the cactus but the quantity of hormones in these plants was very low. He read an obscure article by a Japanese scientist who described a yam that could be found in Mexico that had a high content of hormones. He traveled to Mexico and obtained permission to harvest several of the plants. He claims one was stolen overnight but went f ...

See also:

Oral contraceptive, Oral contraceptive - Principles, Oral contraceptive - Use, Oral contraceptive - Mechanism of action, Oral contraceptive - Effectiveness, Oral contraceptive - Packaging, Oral contraceptive - Drug interactions, Oral contraceptive - Side-effects, Oral contraceptive - Formulations, Oral contraceptive - Effects on sexuality, Oral contraceptive - Cautions and contraindications, Oral contraceptive - Benefits, Oral contraceptive - History, Oral contraceptive - Invention, Oral contraceptive - France, Oral contraceptive - Japan

Read more here: » Oral contraceptive: Encyclopedia II - Oral contraceptive - History

There is currently no cure for mastocytosis. However, there are a number of medicines to help treat the symptoms of mastocytosis: Antihistamines block receptors targeted by histamine released from mast cells. Both H1 and H2 blockers may be helpful. Leukotriene antagonists block receptors targeted by leukotrienes released from mast cells. Mast cell stabilizers help prevent mast cells from releasing their chemical contents. Cromolyn Sodium Oral Solution (Gastrocrom® / Cromoglicate) is the only medicine specifica ...

See also:

Mastocytosis, Mastocytosis - Pathophysiology, Mastocytosis - History, Mastocytosis - Symptoms, Mastocytosis - Diagnosis, Mastocytosis - Classification, Mastocytosis - Epidemiology, Mastocytosis - Treatment, Mastocytosis - Research, Mastocytosis - Sources

Read more here: » Mastocytosis: Encyclopedia II - Mastocytosis - Treatment

To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor asks about the patient's medical history, does a physical exam, and may order laboratory studies. The patient may also have one or all of the following exams: Fecal occult blood test Upper GI series Gastroscopic exam Abnormal tissue seen in a gastroscope examination will be biopsied by the surgeon or gastroenterologist. This tissue is then sent to a pathologist for histological examination under a microscope to check for the presence of cancerous cells. A biopsy, with subsequent histological analysis, is the only sure ...

See also:

Stomach cancer, Stomach cancer - Epidemiology, Stomach cancer - Symptoms, Stomach cancer - Diagnosis, Stomach cancer - Histopathology, Stomach cancer - Staging, Stomach cancer - Treatment, Stomach cancer - Getting a second opinion, Stomach cancer - Clinical trials, Stomach cancer - Methods of treatment, Stomach cancer - Side effects of treatment, Stomach cancer - Nutrition for cancer patients

Read more here: » Stomach cancer: Encyclopedia II - Stomach cancer - Diagnosis

An abnormally low plasma sodium level is best considered in conjunction with the person's plasma osmolarity and extracellular fluid volume status. Most cases of hyponatremia are associated with reduced plasma osmolarity. Hyponatremia - Pseudohyponatremia. A normal or high plasma osmolarity with hyponatremia is called pseudohyponatremia. Pseudohyponatremia may be caused if high lipid levels in the plasma interfere with the sodium assay, or if a different solute (such as glucose) is abnormally abundant. Hyponatr ...

See also:

Hyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Symptoms, Hyponatremia - Causes, Hyponatremia - Pseudohyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Hypoosmolar hyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Animals: bovines, Hyponatremia - Sources

Read more here: » Hyponatremia: Encyclopedia II - Hyponatremia - Causes

Diabetic neuropathy affects all peripheral nerves: pain fibers, motor neurons, autonomic nerves. It therefore necessarily can affect all organs and systems since all are innervated. There are several distinct syndromes based on the organ systems and members affected, but these are by no means exclusive. A patient can have sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy or any other combination. Symptoms vary depending on the nerve(s) affected and may include symptoms other th ...

See also:

Diabetic neuropathy, Diabetic neuropathy - Epidemiology, Diabetic neuropathy - Pathology and pathogenesis, Diabetic neuropathy - Microvascular disease, Diabetic neuropathy - Advanced glycated end products, Diabetic neuropathy - Protein kinase C PKC, Diabetic neuropathy - Polyol pathway, Diabetic neuropathy - Clinical manifestations, Diabetic neuropathy - Sensorimotor polyneuropathy, Diabetic neuropathy - Autonomic neuropathy, Diabetic neuropathy - Cranial neuropathy, Diabetic neuropathy - Treatment, Diabetic neuropathy - Prognosis

Read more here: » Diabetic neuropathy: Encyclopedia II - Diabetic neuropathy - Clinical manifestations

Antiretroviral drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the retrovirus life-cyle that the drug inhibits. There are thus three broad classifications of antiretroviral drugs: Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) target construction of viral DNA by inhibiting activity of reverse transcriptase. Protease inhibitors (PIs) target viral assembly by inhibiting the activity of protease, an enzyme used by HIV to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new virons. Fusion inhibitors block HIV from fusing with a ...

See also:

Antiretroviral drug, Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines, Antiretroviral drug - Concerns, Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy, Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs, Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations, Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers, Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia II - Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs

Severe chronic neutropenia may be present at birth (congenital neutropenia) or may occur at any stage in life (acquired neutropenia). There are four main types of severe chronic neutropenia: Congenital neutropenia — a rare inherited form of the disease usually detected soon after birth. It affects children mainly and may result in premature loss of teeth and peremptory gum infections. The most severe form of chronic congenital neutropen ...

See also:

Neutropenia, Neutropenia - Classification, Neutropenia - Types, Neutropenia - Causes, Neutropenia - Signs and symptoms, Neutropenia - Diagnosis, Neutropenia - Therapy, Neutropenia - External link

Read more here: » Neutropenia: Encyclopedia II - Neutropenia - Types

Symptoms may include headaches similar to what is experienced as a hangover, a sudden episode of visual snow, decreased blood pressure (hypotension), and dizziness or fainting when standing up due to orthostatic hypotension. Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium, unconsciousness, and death. Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable after 2% of one's normal water volume has been lost. Initially, one experiences thirst and discomfort, possibly along with loss of appetite and dry skin. Athletes may suffer a loss of performance of up to 50%, and experience flushing, low endurance, rapid heart rates, e ...

See also:

Dehydration, Dehydration - Medical causes of dehydration, Dehydration - Symptoms and prognosis, Dehydration - Treatment, Dehydration - Avoiding dehydration, Dehydration - Ethical concerns

Read more here: » Dehydration: Encyclopedia II - Dehydration - Symptoms and prognosis

Codeine is often used as a recreational drug. This may be due to its easy availability over-the-counter or on prescription in combination products (which, in the certain countries, are scheduled lower than codeine as a single-agent). People use it in order to obtain the euphoric effects associated with use of opioids. In certain areas of the United States; more specifically Texas, codeine syrup form is called Lean. It is commonly mixed with alcohol, or a blunt and smoked. It has been said this is done because it makes you ...

See also:

Codeine, Codeine - Indications, Codeine - Controlled substance, Codeine - Pharmacokinetics, Codeine - Pharmacology, Codeine - Adverse effects, Codeine - Recreational use

Read more here: » Codeine: Encyclopedia II - Codeine - Recreational use

Services provided by UNRWA include health care, education, relief and social services and micro-credit loan programmes. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Education Programme. UNRWA operates one of the largest school systems in the Middle East, with 663 schools employing more than 17,000 teaching and support staff. It has been the main provider of basic education to Palestinian refugee children since 1950. The education programme is UNRWA’s largest area of ac ...

See also:

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Organisation and Administration, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Operations, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Education Programme, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Relief and Social Services Programme, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Health Programme, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Microenterprise & Microfinance Programme, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Emergency Operations, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Relations with Israel, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - October 1 2004 Incident, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Peter Hansen, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - UNWRA and the Palestinian Curriculum

Read more here: » United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East: Encyclopedia II - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East - Operations

Folic acid - Dietary fortification of folic acid. Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects (NTDs), governments and health organisations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant. For example, the United States Public Health Service (see External links) recommends an extra 0.4 mg/day, which can be taken as a pill. However, many researchers believe that supplementation in this way can never work effectively enough s ...

See also:

Folic acid, Folic acid - History, Folic acid - Biological roles, Folic acid - Biochemistry, Folic acid - Recommended Dietary Allowance for folate, Folic acid - Folate in foods, Folic acid - Folate deficiency, Folic acid - Folic acid and pregnancy, Folic acid - Folic acid supplements and masking of B₁₂ deficiency, Folic acid - What is the health risk of too much folic acid?, Folic acid - What are some current issues and controversies about folate?, Folic acid - Dietary fortification of folic acid, Folic acid - Folic acid and heart disease, Folic acid - Folic acid and cancer, Folic acid - Folic acid and depression, Folic acid - Folic acid and methotrexate for cancer, Folic acid - Folic acid and methotrexate for non-cancerous diseases, Folic acid - Bibliography

Read more here: » Folic acid: Encyclopedia II - Folic acid - What are some current issues and controversies about folate?

The majority of chemotherapeutic drugs can be divided in to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, anthracyclines, plant alkaloids, topoisomerase inhibitors, and antitumour agents. All of these drugs affect cell division or DNA synthesis and function in some way. Some newer agents don't directly interfere with DNA. These include the new tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec® or Glivec®), which directly targets a molecular abnormality in certain types of cancer (chronic myelogenous leuke ...

See also:

Chemotherapy, Chemotherapy - History, Chemotherapy - Principles, Chemotherapy - Types, Chemotherapy - Alkylating agents L01A, Chemotherapy - Anti-metabolites L01B, Chemotherapy - Plant alkaloids and terpenoids L01C, Chemotherapy - Topoisomerase inhibitors L01CB and L01XX, Chemotherapy - Antitumour antibiotics L01D, Chemotherapy - Hormonal therapy, Chemotherapy - Dosage, Chemotherapy - Delivery, Chemotherapy - Treatment schemes, Chemotherapy - Side-effects, Chemotherapy - Immunosuppression and myelosuppression, Chemotherapy - Nausea and vomiting, Chemotherapy - Other side effects

Read more here: » Chemotherapy: Encyclopedia II - Chemotherapy - Types

Fluoride toxicity is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms. Symptom onset usually occurs within minutes of exposure. Severity of symptoms can depend on the amount of fluoride compounds ingested. Symptoms of fluoride poisoning point towards some kind of profound metabolic dysfunction, very similar to the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Fluoride poisoning - Gastrointestinal. When poisoned by fluoride, gastrointestinal signs predominate. Abdominal pain Diarrhea Dysphagia Hypersalivation Mucosal ...

See also:

Fluoride poisoning, Fluoride poisoning - Possible sources, Fluoride poisoning - Symptoms, Fluoride poisoning - Gastrointestinal, Fluoride poisoning - Electrolyte abnormalities, Fluoride poisoning - Neurologic effects, Fluoride poisoning - Cardiovascular, Fluoride poisoning - Method of action, Fluoride poisoning - Treatment, Fluoride poisoning - External Sites

Read more here: » Fluoride poisoning: Encyclopedia II - Fluoride poisoning - Symptoms

An abnormally low plasma sodium level is best considered in conjunction with the person's plasma osmolarity and extracellular fluid volume status. Most cases of hyponatremia are associated with reduced plasma osmolarity. A recent surge in death from hyponatremia has been attributed to the abuse of MDMA (estacy). Hyponatremia - Pseudohyponatremia. A normal or high plasma osmolarity with hyponatremia is called pseudohyponatremia. Pseudohyponatremia may be caused if high lipid levels in the plasma interfere with the sodium assay, or if a different solute (s ...

See also:

Hyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Symptoms, Hyponatremia - Causes, Hyponatremia - Pseudohyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Hypoosmolar hyponatremia, Hyponatremia - Animals: bovines, Hyponatremia - Sources

Read more here: » Hyponatremia: Encyclopedia II - Hyponatremia - Causes

The symptoms of tropical sprue are: Diarrhea Steatorrhea or foul-smelling feces Indigestion Cramps Weight loss and malnutrition Fatigue Left untreated, nutrient and vitamin deficiencies may develop in patients with tropical sprue. These deficiencies may have the following symptoms: Vitamin A deficiency: hyperkeratosis or skin scales Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies: anemia Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies: spasm, bone pain, numbness and tingling sensationSee also:

Tropical sprue, Tropical sprue - Symptoms, Tropical sprue - Signs, Tropical sprue - Cause, Tropical sprue - Affected Regions, Tropical sprue - Prevention, Tropical sprue - Treatment, Tropical sprue - Prognosis

Read more here: » Tropical sprue: Encyclopedia II - Tropical sprue - Symptoms

Concerns are growing about the side effects of Paxil. Recent studies have found that the drug is relatively ineffective in children, and suggested that they are prone to becoming suicidal in the early stages of treatment. Some psychologists believe that this is due to the way the drug begins to work in many patients. The first effect most people notice is a decrease in the lethargy and amotivation they experienced during their depression. This effect happens before the depression itself improves, so children may end up with enough "energy" and motivation to act on sui ...

See also:

Paroxetine, Paroxetine - Addictive potential, Paroxetine - Side effects, Paroxetine - Withdrawal symptoms, Paroxetine - Chemistry, Paroxetine - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Paroxetine: Encyclopedia II - Paroxetine - Side effects