A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic ذمي), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Islamic religion. The term literally means person of the dhimma, the security treaty signed with the Muslim state. Dhimmi - Background. The Arabic word "dhimmi" is an adjective derived from the noun "dhimma", which means "being in the care of". The term initially applied to "People of the Book" living in lands un ...

Including:

Dhimmi - Background Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis
Dhimmi - Death penalty
Dhimmi - Notes

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Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions:, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

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The Arabic word "dhimmi" is an adjective derived from the noun "dhimma", which means "being in the care of" or "Protected/Guilty". The term initially applied to "People of the Book" living in lands under Muslim rule, namely Jews and Christians. Over time Muslims extended this category to Zoroastrians, Mandeans, and Sikhs. Many, but not all, extend this to Hindus. Traditional Arab historiography traces the origin of the dhimma to the Pact of Umar [1], allegedly drawn up by the second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab. Modern historian Hugh G ...

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Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions:, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

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Rights: Protection of life, wealth and honor by the Muslim state (even against other co-religionist states) Right to reside in Muslim lands Right of worship according to their own religion Right to choose their own religious leaders (patriarchs for Christians, exilarchs and geonim for Jews) Subject to the approval of the Muslim authorities, who sometimes blocked candidates or took the side of the party that offered the larger bribe^{See also:}

Dhimmi, Dhimmi - Background, Dhimmi - Modern vs. customary practice, Dhimmi - Status of Dhimmis, Dhimmi - Restrictions, Dhimmi - Death penalty, Dhimmi - Notes

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Minority religion is the religion held by a minority of the population of a country, state, or region. Minority religions may have a stigma, that may, or may not be justified. An example of a stigma is using the term cult with its extremely negative connotations for certain new religious movements. People who belong to a minority religion may be subjected to discrimation and prejudice, especially when the ...

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Islamism refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various religious views of Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. Islamist movements seek to re-shape the state by implementing a conservative formulation of Sharia. [1] Islamists regard themselves as Muslims rather than Islamists, while moderate Muslims and liberal movements within Islam reject this notion. Some perceive Islamists as Triump ...

Including:

Islamism - Definition Islamism - History
Islamism - The Deobandi Movement Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements Islamism - Wahhabism Islamism - Recent history
Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory Islamism - Islamist movements

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Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years. In 711 AD, a Moorish Islamic army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Hispania. Under their leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad, a small force landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711. After a decisive victory at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule in a seven-year campaign. They moved northeast across the Pyrenees but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. The Iberian peninsula, exc ...

Including:

Al-Andalus - History
Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada Al-Andalus - Aftermath
Al-Andalus - Culture
Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate Al-Andalus - Philosophy
Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus
Al-Andalus - Vandalícia Al-Andalus - Atlántida Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

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Blood money is money paid by a killer as compensation to the next of kin of a murder victim. The idea of paying money in order to terminate a blood feud (vendetta) has found occasional application in many societies in centuries past; however, with the exception of the Islamic tradition detailed below, the concept has been universally reprobated. Blood money - Islamic and Arab Tradition. In Islamic and Arab traditions, blood money is the money paid by the killer or his family or clan to the fam ...

Including:

Blood money - Islamic and Arab Tradition
Blood money - Legally prescribed rates

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A yellow badge, also referred to as a Jewish badge, is a mandatory mark or a piece of cloth of specific geometric shape, worn on the outer garment in order to distinguish a person of certain religion or ethnicity in public. It is traditionally associated with the persecution of Jews. In some countries a badge was accompanied or replaced by identifying garb or hat. In the Middle Ages clothes worn by differen ...

Including:

Yellow badge - Timeline

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The Pact of Umar is a fundamental document in prescribing the condition of tolerated non-Muslim peoples living within Muslim-controlled states, as its terms were considered provisions of Islamic law throughout Muslim history. Among the rights granted to dhimmis by the Pact are the protection of their persons, property, and the freedom to practice their own religious rites, provided they do so inconspicuously. In exchange they must pledge loyalty to their Muslim rulers, pay a special poll-tax (the jizya) for adult males, and in general show deference and ...

See also:

Pact of Umar, Pact of Umar - Conditions, Pact of Umar - Historicity, Pact of Umar - Text

Read more here: » Pact of Umar: Encyclopedia II - Pact of Umar - Conditions

The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans, particularly former slaves. Black Codes in Northern USA - History. The history of Black Codes is complex and lengthy. Black Codes are most commonly associated with the laws adopted in the southern states after the American Civil War until the beginning of Reconstruction to regulate the freedoms of former slaves. Contrary to popular misconception though, th ...

Including:

Black Codes in Northern USA - History
Black Codes in Northern USA - Early Black Codes in the Midwest Black Codes in Northern USA - The Expansion of Black Codes: 1830-1860 Black Codes in Northern USA - Black Codes after the Civil War
Black Codes in Northern USA - Distinction from Jim Crow laws

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To discriminate is to make a distinction. There are several meanings of the word, including statistical discrimination, or the actions of a circuit called a `discriminator`. This article addresses the most common colloquial sense of the word, invidious discrimination. That is, to make a distinction between people on the basis of class or category without regard to individual merit. Examples include social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic and age-related discrimination. Discrimination - Government san ...

Including:

Discrimination - Government sanctioned discrimination Discrimination - Ageism Discrimination - The paradox of discrimination Discrimination - Gender Discrimination

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Caste systems are an ancient system of social stratification or hierarchy that have existed throughout history and throughout the world, but the most well-known caste system today is the Indian Varna system. The word caste is derived from the Portuguese word casta, meaning "pure", while the original Hindu word varna means "color". Caste - Overview. Anthropologists use the term more generally to refer to a social group that is endogamous and occupationally specialized; such groups ...

Including:

Caste - Overview Caste - Origins of the caste system
Caste - Varna Caste - Twice born Caste - Jati
Caste - Indian caste system
Caste - Modern perceptions of caste
Caste - Nepalese caste system Caste - Sri Lankan caste system Caste - Balinese caste system Caste - Japanese caste system Caste - Castes in ancient Israel Caste - Castes in Rwanda and Burundi

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History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Background. For a discussion of the period of history leading up to apartheid, see History of South Africa. The first recorded use of the word "apartheid" (International Phonetic Alphabet [əˈpɑː(r)teɪt] or [-taɪt] in English and [aˈpartheid] in Afrikaans) was in 1917 during ...

Including:

History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Creation of apartheid
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Background History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Legal system created
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The apartheid system
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Apartheid in South Africa from day to day History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The homeland system History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Forced Removals History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Black White Indian and coloured History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Apartheid in international law
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Resistance
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The ANC and the Pan African Congress History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The Sharpeville Massacre History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Resistance goes underground History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The Black Consciousness Movement and the Soweto riots History of South Africa in the apartheid era - White resistance
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - International relations
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - UN arms embargo History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Total onslaught History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Destabilisation and sabotage
History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Conservatism History of South Africa in the apartheid era - State security History of South Africa in the apartheid era - HIV/AIDS epidemic History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Winds of change History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Notes

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Religious segregation occurs in the Muslim world, where some nations deny non-Muslims, including Jews and Christians, some of the civil rights and voting privileges they grant to Muslims. Many Muslim countries consign non-Muslim monotheists to the status of dhimmis, both officially and by custom. Saudi Arabia in particular is notorious for very stringent religious laws banning the practice of non-Muslim religions, even prescribing imprisonment and the death penalty ...

See also:

Religious segregation, Religious segregation - Muslim world, Religious segregation - Northern Ireland

Read more here: » Religious segregation: Encyclopedia II - Religious segregation - Muslim world

Islamism refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various religious views of Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. Islamist movements seek to re-shape the state by implementing a conservative formulation of Sharia. [1] Islamists regard themselves as Muslims rather than Islamists, while moderate Muslims and liberal movements within Islam reject this notion. Some perceive Islamists as Triump ...

Including:

Islamism - Definition Islamism - History
Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements Islamism - Wahhabism Islamism - Recent history
Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory Islamism - Islamist movements

Read more here: » Islamism: Encyclopedia - Islamism

Although Islamic states based on Shari'a law have existed since the earliest days of Islam, Islamism refers to modern movements that developed during the twentieth century in reaction to several forces. Following World War I, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent dissolution of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (founder of Turkey), some Muslims perceived that Islam was in retreat, and felt that Western ideas were spreading throughout Muslim society, along with the influence of Western nations. During the 1960 ...

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Islamism, Islamism - Definition, Islamism - History, Islamism - The Deobandi Movement, Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood, Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements, Islamism - Wahhabism, Islamism - Recent history, Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory, Islamism - Islamist movements

Read more here: » Islamism: Encyclopedia II - Islamism - History

Orientalism - Imitations of Oriental styles. Similar ambivalence is evident in art and literature. From the Renaissance to the 18th century Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese ceramics with only partial success. Chinoiserie is the catch-all term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie, ca 1740-1770. Early hints of Chinoiserie appear, in ...

See also:

Orientalism, Orientalism - Meaning of the term, Orientalism - History of Orientalism, Orientalism - Orientalism in the arts, Orientalism - Imitations of Oriental styles, Orientalism - Depictions of the Orient in art and literature, Orientalism - Examples of Orientalism in the arts, Orientalism - Edward Said and Orientalism, Orientalism - Criticisms of Said, Orientalism - From Oriental Studies to Asian Studies, Orientalism - A mirror image: Eastern views of the West, Orientalism - Suggested reading

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Modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of this agreement (which exists in several different textual forms), claiming it to be the product of later jurists who attributed it to the caliph Umar in order to lend greater authority to their own opinions: Although the documents are attributed to `Umar, in all probability they actually come from the second Islamic century, and although they may reflect some of the policies and attitudes towards the conquered population which began to become evident in the period of the Umayya ...

See also:

Pact of Umar, Pact of Umar - Conditions, Pact of Umar - Historicity, Pact of Umar - Text

Read more here: » Pact of Umar: Encyclopedia II - Pact of Umar - Historicity

Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate. See also: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain The treatment of non-Muslims (specifically Jews) in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable interest from scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. Some argue that - for at least part of the history of Al-Andalus - Jews were treated significantly better in Muslim-controlled Spain tha ...

See also:

Al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - History, Al-Andalus - Conquest and early years, Al-Andalus - The Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba, Al-Andalus - The First Taifa Period, Al-Andalus - Almoravids Almohads and Marīnids, Al-Andalus - The Emirate of Granada, Al-Andalus - Aftermath, Al-Andalus - Culture, Al-Andalus - Non-Muslims Dhimmi under the Caliphate, Al-Andalus - Philosophy, Al-Andalus - Etymology of al-Andalus, Al-Andalus - Vandalícia, Al-Andalus - Atlántida, Al-Andalus - Landahlauts

Read more here: » Al-Andalus: Encyclopedia II - Al-Andalus - Culture