Devonian

Vertebrate paleontology seeks to discover the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct spined animals, through the study of their fossilized remains. It also tries to connect, on the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern day relatives. The fossil record clearly shows the evolutionary progression from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430 million years ago. (The phrase ...

Including:

• Vertebrate paleontology - Paleontological Vertebrate Classification

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Articulata Cladida (extinct) Flexibilia (extinct) Camerata (extinct) Disparida (extinct) Crinoids, also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata). They live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. Crinoids are characterized by a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms. Although the basic echinoderm pattern of five-fold symmetry can be recognized, most ...

Including:

• Crinoid - External link

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Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county on England's south west peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. In the 20th century there has been a revival of the Cornish language and there has been some debate over the constitutional status of Cornwall. The administrative centre and only city is Truro. Including the Isles of Scilly, located 28 miles (45 km) offshore, Cornwall covers an area of 1,376 square miles (3,563 km²). There is a population of 513,527 with a population density of 144 people per square kilomet ...

Including:

• Cornwall - History
• Cornwall - Physical geography
• Cornwall - Politics
• Cornwall - Flag
• Cornwall - Demographics
• Cornwall - Economy
• Cornwall - Tourism
• Cornwall - Industry
• Cornwall - Culture
• Cornwall - Language
• Cornwall - Cornish studies and literary references
• Cornwall - Religion
• Cornwall - Music and festivals
• Cornwall - Sports and games
• Cornwall - Food
• Cornwall - Settlements
• Cornwall - Transport
• Cornwall - Places of interest

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The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building event recorded in the mountains and hills of northern England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and west Norway. This event occurred during the Silurian and Devonian Periods of the Palaeozoic Era, roughly 444-416 Mya. This orogeny has been named for Caledonia, the Latin name for Scotland. The Mesozoic Era is marked by the existence of a supercontinent, Pangaea, in which most of the land mass was conjoined into a single large continent surrounded by a single large ocean, Panthalassa. The Caledonian range already existed and was contiguous to the ancestor o ...

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Baragwanathia Lang & Cookson 1935 A genus of extinct plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age, fossils of which have been found in Australia, Canada and China. Known members of the genus: Baragwanathia longifolia Lang & Cookson (Type species) (Australia) Baragwanathia abitibiensis Hueber (Canada) Baragwanathia Hao ...

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Avalonia was an ancient microcontinent or terrane. The name is derived from the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland. Avalonia - Source. In the early Cambrian, the supercontinent Pannotia broke up and Avalonia drifted off northwards from Gondwana. This independent movement of Avalonia started from a latitude of about 60° South. The eastern end of Avalonia collided with Baltica, a continental plate occupying the latitudes from about 30°S to 55°S, as the latter slowly rotated anticlockwise towards it. This hap ...

Including:

• Avalonia - Source
• Avalonia - Consequences
• Avalonia - Maps

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Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic)[1] is a traditional county of Scotland. The county had its own county council from 1890 to 1975, and the name is used also for a district of the Highland region (1975 to 1996), a committee area of the Highland unitary authority (1996 to present), a registration county, a lieutenancy area, the earldom of Caithness and the Caithness constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (1708 to 1918). The boundaries of ...

Including:

• Caithness - Caithness constituency
• Caithness - Geography
• Caithness - History
• Caithness - Natural heritage
• Caithness - Footnotes

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The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is the capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and Australia's smallest self-governing territory. The ACT was created as the location for Australia's capital city following federation in 1901, the federal government gained posession of the territory in 1911, and the construction on Canberra began in 1913. The ACT is wholly surrounded by the state of New South Wales. The floral emblem of the ACT is the Royal Bluebell and the faunal emblem is the Gang-gang cockatoo. Including:

• Australian Capital Territory - Geography
• Australian Capital Territory - Climate
• Australian Capital Territory - Geology
• Australian Capital Territory - History
• Australian Capital Territory - Government and law
• Australian Capital Territory - Demographics
• Australian Capital Territory - Education

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Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Pteraspidomorphi Thelodonti Anaspida Cephalaspidomorphi Galeaspida Pituriaspida Osteostraci Agnatha (Greek, "no jaws") is a paraphyletic superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata. There are about 60 modern species divided into Lampreys and Hagfish. In addition to the absence of jaws, Agnatha are characterised by absence of paired fins; the presence of a notochord both in larvae and adults; ...

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Pseudochactoidea Buthoidea Chaeriloidea Chactoidea Iuroidea Scorpionoidea See the classification section for families. A scorpion is an invertebrate animal with eight legs belonging to the order Scorpiones in the class Arachnida. Scorpion - Physical characteristics. The scorpion body is divided into 2 main segments: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax consists of the prosoma, and the abdomen of the mesosoma and the metasoma; Including:

• Scorpion - Physical characteristics
• Scorpion - Scorpion venom
• Scorpion - Reproduction
• Scorpion - Birth and Development
• Scorpion - Origins
• Scorpion - Geographical distribution
• Scorpion - How scorpions eat
• Scorpion - Suicide misconception
• Scorpion - Classification
• Scorpion - Cultural symbolism

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The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443.7 Ma (million years ago), to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 416.0 Ma (ICS 2004). As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by 5-10 million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a major extinction event where 60% of marine species were wiped out. See Ordov ...

Including:

• Silurian - Historiography
• Silurian - Silurian subdivisions
• Silurian - Silurian paleogeography
• Silurian - Silurian biota
• Silurian - Source

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Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are ...

Including:

• Plant - Embryophytes
• Plant - Algae and Fungi
• Plant - Importance
• Plant - Growth
• Plant - Fossils
• Plant - Distribution
• Plant - References and further reading

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The pineal gland or epiphysis, is a small endocrine gland. It is located near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic bodies join. It is also referred to as the pineal body. Pineal gland - Location. The pineal gland is a small, pea-sized, (8 mm in humans) reddish-gray body located above the superior colliculus and behind and beneath the stria medullaris, between the laterally positioned thalamic bodies. It is part of the epithalam ...

Including:

• Pineal gland - Location
• Pineal gland - Structure and composition
• Pineal gland - Function
• Pineal gland - Mythology

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Scleractinia Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria; class Anthozoa) existing as small sea anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly Madreporaria). The latter are also known as stony corals in as much as the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. A coral "head" is ...

Including:

• Coral - Coral types
• Coral - Geological history
• Coral - Environmental effects on coral
• Coral - Uses

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Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear") are animals of the phylum Porifera. They are primitive, sessile, mostly marine, waterdwelling filter feeders that pump water through their matrix to filter out particulates of food matter. Sponges are among the simplest of animals, with partially differentiated tissues but without muscles, nerves, or internal organs. In some ways they are closer to being cell colonies ...

Including:

• Sponge - Anatomy
• Sponge - Taxonomy
• Sponge - Reproduction
• Sponge - Ecology
• Sponge - Skeleton as absorbent
• Sponge - Geological history

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The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). As the first period of the Mesozoic Era, the Triassic follows the Permian and is followed by the Jurassic. Both start and end of the Triassic are marked by major extinction events. The extinction event that closed the Triassic period has recently been more accurately dated, but as with most older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified, but the exact dates of the start and end of t ...

Including:

• Triassic - Triassic naming
• Triassic - Triassic dating and subdivisions
• Triassic - Triassic paleogeography
• Triassic - Triassic climate
• Triassic - Triassic lifeforms
• Triassic - Triassic Lagerstätten
• Triassic - Late Triassic extinction event
• Triassic - Sources

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The classical "Big Five" mass extinctions identified by Raup and Sepkoski (1982) are widely agreed upon as some of the most significant: End Ordovician, Late Devonian, End Permian, End Triassic, and End Cretaceous. These and a selection of other extinction events are highlighted below: 488 million years ago — a series of mass extinctions at the Cambrian-Ordovician transition (the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events) eliminated many brachiopods and conodonts an ...

See also:

Extinction event, Extinction event - Extinction events, Extinction event - Causes for Mass Extinction, Extinction event - Postulated extinction cycles

Read more here: » Extinction event: Encyclopedia II - Extinction event - Extinction events

Renewable energy - Wind energy. Main article: Wind power As the sun heats up the Earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy in the wind can be used to run wind turbines, some capable of producing 5 MW of power. The power output is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so such turbines generally require a wind in the range 5.5 m/s (20 km/h), and in practice relatively few land areas have significant prevailing winds. Lu ...

See also:

Renewable energy, Renewable energy - Modern sources of renewable energy, Renewable energy - Wind energy, Renewable energy - Water power, Renewable energy - Solar energy, Renewable energy - Geothermal energy, Renewable energy - Biomass, Renewable energy - Small scale energy sources, Renewable energy - Issues, Renewable energy - Aesthetics habitat hazards and land use, Renewable energy - Concentration, Renewable energy - Proximity to demand, Renewable energy - Availability, Renewable energy - Fossil fuels, Renewable energy - Transmission, Renewable energy - Historical usage of renewable energy

Read more here: » Renewable energy: Encyclopedia II - Renewable energy - Modern sources of renewable energy

Renewable energy - Wind energy. As the sun heats up the Earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy in the wind can be used to run wind turbines, some capable of producing 5 MW of power. The power output is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so such turbines generally require a wind in the range 5.5 m/s (20 km/h), and in practice relatively few land areas have significant prevailing winds. Lu ...

See also:

Renewable energy, Renewable energy - Modern sources of renewable energy, Renewable energy - Wind energy, Renewable energy - Water power, Renewable energy - Solar energy, Renewable energy - Geothermal energy, Renewable energy - Biomass, Renewable energy - Small scale energy sources, Renewable energy - Issues, Renewable energy - Aesthetics habitat hazards and land use, Renewable energy - Concentration, Renewable energy - Proximity to demand, Renewable energy - Availability, Renewable energy - Fossil fuels, Renewable energy - Transmission, Renewable energy - Historical usage of renewable energy

Read more here: » Renewable energy: Encyclopedia II - Renewable energy - Modern sources of renewable energy

In the Triassic, three categories of organisms can be distinguished: holdovers from the Permian-Triassic extinction, some new groups which flourished briefly, and new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic world. In marine environments new, modern types of corals appeared in the early Triassic, forming small patches of reefs, nothing compared to the great reef systems of Devonian times or modern reefs. The shelled cephalopods called Ammonites recovered, diversifying from a single line that survived the Permian extinction. The f ...

See also:

Triassic, Triassic - Triassic naming, Triassic - Triassic dating and subdivisions, Triassic - Triassic paleogeography, Triassic - Triassic climate, Triassic - Triassic lifeforms, Triassic - Triassic Lagerstätten, Triassic - Late Triassic extinction event, Triassic - Sources

Read more here: » Triassic: Encyclopedia II - Triassic - Triassic lifeforms

Hemer was first mentioned in 1072 with its old name Hademare in a document from the bishop Anno II. of Cologne. Among the lands given to the newly founded Benedictine monastery Grafschaft were the St.Vitus church and two farms (the later Haus Hemer and the Hedhof). In 1124 the parish of St.Vitus was split from parish Menden. Hemer stayed an unimportant settlement without market rights, also when count of the Mark liberated themselves from the bishopric state of Cologne in the 13th century and Hemer was at the boun ...

See also:

Hemer, Hemer - History, Hemer - Creation of Amt Hemer, Hemer - Communal reform of 1929, Hemer - Military, Hemer - Communal reform of 1975, Hemer - Municipalities as of 1904, Hemer - List of mayors, Hemer - Points of interest, Hemer - Coat of arms, Hemer - Economics, Hemer - Traffic, Hemer - Twin towns and city friendships, Hemer - Famous people from Hemer, Hemer - Literature

Read more here: » Hemer: Encyclopedia II - Hemer - History