descenders

Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. From the 8th century to the 13th century the script was more often used as a display script in headings and titles. Uncial - Development. As the script evolved over the centuries, the characters became more complex. Specifically, around AD 600, flourishes and exaggerations of the basic strokes began to appear in more manuscripts. Ascenders and descenders were the first major alterations, followed by twist ...

Including:

• Uncial - Development
• Uncial - Forms
• Uncial - National styles
• Uncial - Origin of the word
• Uncial - Other uses
• Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial
• Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia - Uncial

Capital letters or majuscules (in the Roman alphabet: A, B, C, ...) are one type of case in a writing system. Capital letters (also simply called capitals or caps) are also known as upper case; manual typesetters kept them in the upper drawers of a desk, keeping the more frequent minuscule letters on the lower shelf. This practice may date back to Johann Gutenberg. Some languages make no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. Latin, for one, was originally written usi ...

Including:

• Capital letters - Usage
• Capital letters - Other meanings
• Capital letters - External link

Read more here: » Capital letters: Encyclopedia - Capital letters

Cursive is any style of handwriting in which all the letters in a word are connected, making a word one single (complicated) stroke. In British English, the phrase "joined-up writing" is far more commonly used, while the term "running writing" is sometimes used in Australia. Cursive is considered distinct from the so-called "printing" or "block letter" style of handwriting, in which the letters of a word are unconnected, and from "print-writing", which is a cross between cursive and printing, with some unconnected letter ...

Including:

• Cursive - History
• Cursive - Description
• Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive

Read more here: » Cursive: Encyclopedia - Cursive

Closed captioning (CC) allows deaf and hard of hearing / hearing-impaired people, people learning English as an additional language, people first learning how to read, people in a noisy bar, children whose parents are loudly fighting, and others to read a transcript or dialogue of the audio portion of a video, film, or other presentation. As the video plays, text captions are displayed that transcribe, although not always verbatim, what ...

Including:

• Closed captioning - Television and video
• Closed captioning - DVD
• Closed captioning - Movies
• Closed captioning - Video Games
• Closed captioning - Telephones
• Closed captioning - Bibliography

Read more here: » Closed captioning: Encyclopedia - Closed captioning

In typography, leading (IPA [ˈlɛdɪŋ], rhymes with heading) refers to the amount of added space between lines of type. When type was set by hand for printing presses, printers placed slugs—strips of lead of various thicknesses—between lines of type to add space. It is generally considered that text set solid, like this paragraph, appears a little cramped, with ascenders touching descenders from the previous line. A leading of 20% of the fo ...

Read more here: » Leading: Encyclopedia - Leading

Thomas Edison received US patent 180,857 for "Autographic Printing" on August 8, 1876. The patent covered the electric pen, used for making the stencil, and the flatbed duplicating press. In 1880 Edison obtained a further patent, US 224,665: "Method of Preparing Autographic Stencils for Printing", which covered the making of stencils using a file plate, a grooved metal plate on which the stencil was placed which perforated the stencil when written on with a blunt metal stylus. Edison did not coin the word "mimeograph", which was first used b ...

See also:

Mimeograph machine, Mimeograph machine - Origins of the Mimeograph

Read more here: » Mimeograph machine: Encyclopedia II - Mimeograph machine - Origins of the Mimeograph

In alphabets with a case distinction, capitals are used for: Capitalization, Acronyms, Better legibility, for example on signs and in labeling, and Emphasis in some languages. Capital letters are sometimes used for typographical emphasis in Internet text in place of bolding or italicizing. However, long spans of text in all uppercase are harder to read because of the absence of ascenders and descenders found in lowercase letters, which can aid recognition. In printed material where acrony ...

See also:

Capital letters, Capital letters - Usage, Capital letters - Other meanings, Capital letters - External link

Read more here: » Capital letters: Encyclopedia II - Capital letters - Usage

For live programs, spoken words comprising the television program's soundtrack are transcribed by an operator using stenotype or stenomask type of machines, whose phonetic output is instantly translated into text by a computer and displayed on the screen. This technique was developed in the 1970s as an initiative of the BBC's Ceefax teletext service.[1] In collaboration with the BBC, a university student took on the research project of writing the first phonetics-to-text conversion program for this purpose. [2] (PDF) Automatic compu ...

See also:

Closed captioning, Closed captioning - Television and video, Closed captioning - DVD, Closed captioning - Movies, Closed captioning - Video Games, Closed captioning - Telephones, Closed captioning - Bibliography

Read more here: » Closed captioning: Encyclopedia II - Closed captioning - Television and video

In general, there are some common features of uncial script: m, n, and u are relatively broad; m is formed with curved strokes (although a straight first stroke may indicate an early script), and n is written as N to distinguish it from r and s. f, i, p, s, t and relatively narrow. e is formed with a curved stroke, and its arm (or hasta) does not connect with the top curve; the height of the arm can also indicate the age of the script (written in a high position, the script is probably ear ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Forms

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, before the development of the typewriter, professional correspondence was written in cursive. This was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and clerks were trained to imitate the exact handwriting of the firm. In the early days of the post office, letters were written in cursive -- and to fit more text on a single sheet, the text was continued in lines crossing at 90-degrees from the original tex ...

See also:

Cursive, Cursive - History, Cursive - Description, Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive

Read more here: » Cursive: Encyclopedia II - Cursive - History

In alphabets with a case distinction, capitals are used for: Capitalization, Acronyms, Better legibility, for example on signs and in labeling, and Emphasis in some languages. Capital letters are sometimes used for typographical emphasis in Internet text in place of bolding or italicizing. However, long spans of text in all uppercase are harder to read because of the absence of ascenders and descenders found in lowercase letters, which can aid recognition. In printed material where acrony ...

See also:

Capital letters, Capital letters - Usage, Capital letters - Other meanings

Read more here: » Capital letters: Encyclopedia II - Capital letters - Usage

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, before the development of the typewriter, professional correspondence was written in cursive. This was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and clerks were trained to imitate the exact handwriting of the firm. They were paid by the length of writing on the page, so they preferred variant spellings that had more letters in them. This percolated into the official spelling of French. In the early days of the post office, letters were written in cursive -- and to fit more text on a single sheet, the text was continued in lines crossing at 90-degrees from the original tex ...

See also:

Cursive, Cursive - History, Cursive - Description, Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive

Read more here: » Cursive: Encyclopedia II - Cursive - History

Most of the lower case letters of cursive correspond quite directly to those seen on the printed or typewritten page, particularly with italic fonts, although neither cursive nor block letters commonly use the hooked "a" or double-bowled "g". The exact letterforms differ in style. In some cursive forms, the "f" is written using two loops instead of a crossbar. Some styles, notably the French, leave the "p" open at the bottom, like an "n". The letter "r" in cursive, however, derives from the medieval "half r", and the "z" has a tail, also fro ...

See also:

Cursive, Cursive - History, Cursive - Description, Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive

Read more here: » Cursive: Encyclopedia II - Cursive - Description

There is some doubt about the exact meaning of the word. Uncial itself probably comes from St. Jerome's preface to the Book of Job, where it is found in the form uncialibus, but it is possible that this is a misreading of inicialibus, and Jerome may have been referring to the larger initial letters found at the beginning of paragraphs. If the correct reading is uncialibus, it may mean that the letters occupied one-twelfth of a line of a manuscript, or perhaps that the ink used to write the letters cost an ounce of gold, or that they were decorated with gold and ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Origin of the word

The word, uncial, is also sometimes used to refer to manuscripts that have been scribed in uncial, especially when differentiating from those which have been penned with minuscule. Some of the most noteworthy Greek uncials are: Codex Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus Codex Alexandrinus Codex Bezae Codex Petropolitanus The Petropolitanus is considered by some to contain optimum uncial style. It is also an example of how large the characters were getting. For further details on these manuscripts, see Guglielmo Cavallo Ricerche sulla Ma ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Other uses

The term half-uncial or semi-uncial was first used in the mid-18th century by René Prosper Tassin and Charles François Toustain, and despite its common use and understanding, it is not a very accurate name - it is not really derived from regular uncial, but it does look similar and shares many of its features; sometimes, especially when both were developing, the two scripts were used simultaneously in a mixed-uncial script. Like uncial, half-uncial derived from Roman cursive. It was first used around the 3rd century an ...

See also:

Uncial, Uncial - Development, Uncial - Forms, Uncial - National styles, Uncial - Origin of the word, Uncial - Other uses, Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial, Uncial - Forms

Read more here: » Uncial: Encyclopedia II - Uncial - Half-uncial or semi-uncial

There are several competing technologies used to provide captioning for movies in theaters. Just as with television captioning, they fall into two broad categories: open and closed. The definition of "closed" captioning in this context is a bit different than with television, as it refers to any technology that allows some of the viewers to use captions while others in the same theater at the same time do not see captions. Open captioning in a theater can be accomplished through burned-in captions, projected bitmaps, or (rarely) a display located above or below the movie screen. ...

See also:

Closed captioning, Closed captioning - Television and video, Closed captioning - DVD, Closed captioning - Movies, Closed captioning - Video Games, Closed captioning - Telephones, Closed captioning - Bibliography

Read more here: » Closed captioning: Encyclopedia II - Closed captioning - Movies

Victorian Modern Cursive was developed as a writing form to be taught in primary schools in the Australian state of Victoria, and first used in 1985. In addition to Victoria, it is used in Western Australia and to some extent in the rest of Australia. The most traditional of about six writing forms, specialized for either the left or right hand, it is based on French cursive handwriting, and therefore features a "p" and "b" with open bowls such that the letters look like "n" with a descender and "v" with an ascender, respectively, as well as ...

See also:

Cursive, Cursive - History, Cursive - Description, Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive

Read more here: » Cursive: Encyclopedia II - Cursive - Victorian Modern Cursive