Derbyshire lead mining history

Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters. The coveted and valuable farm of the Duchy of Lancaster's right to the lead mine duties, coupled as it was with the office of chief barmaster, endowed its owner with both a considerable income and authority over the running of the industry. It was always resold at a much higher price than that charged by the Duchy, which was £110 plus annual payments of £72 for the duties and £1-6-8d for the barmastership. Der ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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Derbyshire was traditionally divided into six hundreds, namely Appletree, High Peak, Morleyston and Litchurch, Repton and Gresley, Scarsdale, Wirksworth. These were based on the seven earlier wapentakes recorded in the Domesday Book, with the merging of Repton and Gresley wapentakes. Derbyshire had a detached part in north-western Leicestershire, surrounding Measham and Donisthorpe. This escaped regularisation in 1844, and was incorporated into Leicestershire in 1888 when the county councils were set up. The thin strip of Leicestershire between ...

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Derbyshire, Derbyshire - History, Derbyshire - Settlements, Derbyshire - Places of interest

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Lead is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pb (L. plumbum) and atomic number 82. A soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead is bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible alloys. Lead has the highest atomic number of all stable elements. (But see the article on Bismuth, which has a half life so long it can be cons ...

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• Lead - Notable characteristics
• Lead - Applications
• Lead - History
• Lead - Occurrence
• Lead - Isotopes
• Lead - Precautions
• Lead - Health effects
• Lead - Language derivations
• Lead - Literature

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Castleton is a village in the Derbyshire Peak District, in England. The village lies at the western end of the Hope Valley, on the Peakshole Water stream. Castleton originally grew around the Norman Peveril Castle at around 1198, and later prospered from lead mining (see Derbyshire lead mining history). This created and enlarged local caverns, four of which are now open to the public as The Devil's Arse or Peak Cavern, Blue John Cavern, Speedwell Cavern and Treak Cliff Cavern. A l ...

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Lead has been used by humans for at least 7000 years, because it was (and continues to be) widespread and easy to extract, as well as easy to work with, being both highly malleable and ductile as well as easy to smelt. In the early bronze age lead was used with antimony and arsenic. Lead was mentioned in the Book of Exodus. Alchemists thought that lead was the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Lead pipes that bear the insignia of Roman emperors are still in service and many Roman "pigs" (ingots) of lead figure in Derbysh ...

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Lead, Lead - Notable characteristics, Lead - Applications, Lead - History, Lead - Occurrence, Lead - Isotopes, Lead - Precautions, Lead - Health effects, Lead - Language derivations, Lead - Literature

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Main Article: Isotopes of lead Lead has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: Pb204 (1.4%) Pb206(24.1%) Pb207(22.1%) and Pb208 (52.4%). Pb206, Pb207 Pb208 are all radiogenic, and are the end products of complex decay chains that begin at U238, U235 and Th232 respectively. The corresponding half-lives of these decay schemes vary markedly: 4.47 × 109, 7.04 × 108 a ...

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Lead, Lead - Notable characteristics, Lead - Applications, Lead - History, Lead - Occurrence, Lead - Isotopes, Lead - Precautions, Lead - Health effects, Lead - Language derivations, Lead - Literature

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Native lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Currently lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6% lead. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4). But more than half of the lead used currently comes from recycling. In mining, the ore is extracted by drilling or blasting and then crushed and ground. The ore is then treated using extractive metallur ...

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Lead, Lead - Notable characteristics, Lead - Applications, Lead - History, Lead - Occurrence, Lead - Isotopes, Lead - Precautions, Lead - Health effects, Lead - Language derivations, Lead - Literature

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Main article: lead poisoning The concern about lead's role in mental retardation in children has brought about widespread reduction in its use (lead exposure has been linked to schizophrenia). Paint containing lead has been withdrawn from sale in industralised countries, though many older houses may still contain substantial lead in their old paint: it is generally recommended that old paint should not be stripped by san ...

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Lead, Lead - Notable characteristics, Lead - Applications, Lead - History, Lead - Occurrence, Lead - Isotopes, Lead - Precautions, Lead - Health effects, Lead - Language derivations, Lead - Literature

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The Latin plumbum has given birth to a number of terms in the English language: Plumbing, or system of piping, derives from the fact that pipes were once made of lead. Plumb bob or plummet, a small, pointed body of metal the weight of which is used to draw a string vertical under tension, refers to the fact that they were originally made from lead. Plumb wall is so-said because a plumb bob is used to find the vertical. Plumbing the depths derives from th ...

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Lead, Lead - Notable characteristics, Lead - Applications, Lead - History, Lead - Occurrence, Lead - Isotopes, Lead - Precautions, Lead - Health effects, Lead - Language derivations, Lead - Literature

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In conjunction with the jury of twenty-four sitting at the Barmote Courts, the deputy barmasters adjudicated in disputes and enforced compliance with the customs of the mines. Their duties extended to acting as the coroner in the case of fatal accidents, where a specially summoned jury of twelve or thirteen local miners decided the cause of death. In an eighteenth century example the Brassington barmaster, Edward Ash ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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The improvement in smelting efficiency achieved by the ore-hearth furnace was carried forward during the eighteenth century by the gradual introduction of a new type of furnace – the cupola. The ore-hearth had a number of disadvantages. Its characteristic over-heating and dissemination of polluting fumes made it necessary to close the smelter down at the end of each day’s work. The hearth burned out quickly and regular weekly repairs or rebuilding were necessary – between 24th June and 29th September 1657, for instance, thirteen new he ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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Until the seventeenth century mining had usually been abandoned when the work reached the water table. Efforts at draining lead mines by horse-powered pumps, or “engines” had little success. In the later years of the industry mines were successfully drained by steam, internal combustion and electric power, but the first successes were achieved by soughs, drainage tunnels driven into flooded veins to allow the water to run off.By lowering the water table and opening u ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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After a mid-sixteenth century slump the industry recovered, new mines were opened on Middleton Moor, and production increased, a recovery mainly due to technical developments. While traditional extraction methods had persisted there were vital changes in the ways in which ore was prepared for smelting and in the smelting process itself. The traditional smelter was a bole, a large fire built on a hill and relying on wind power. It functioned best with large pieces of rich ore known as bing and could not deal with anything small ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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On one of the walls in Wirksworth church is a crude stone carving, found nearby at Bonsall and placed in the church in the 1870s. Probably executed in Anglo-Saxon times, it shows a man carrying a kibble or basket in one hand and a pick in the other. He is a lead miner. By contrast, the north choir aisle of the church is dominated by a far more ostentatious monument, a large ornate alabaster chest tomb, a memorial to Ralph Gell of Hopton, who died in 1563. The simple figure of the miner bears witness to the fact that for centuries the people ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

Read more here: » Derbyshire lead mining history: Encyclopedia II - Derbyshire lead mining history - Background

Lead had traditionally been found by following veins from surface outcroppings, particularly in rakes or vertical fissures. By the seventeenth century, however, most surface lead had been mined and prospecting was achieved by less direct methods. Miners searched for surface signs which were similar to known lead-rich areas, they checked ploughed and other disturbed land for traces of ore, they checked for signs in plants and trees and poorly performing crops, since lead is poisonous to most living things. They used probes to check for ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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Everything about the old lead industry, from the mining of ore to its sale, stemmed from the ancient claim of the monarch to all mineral rights. The whole structure was designed to enable the Duchy of Lancaster, a royal possession, to collect the king's royalties and, since these were farmed out, the miners paid them to the king's farmer. By the seventeenth century the local holder of the mineral rights was also the barmaster, who ran the industry, helped by deputies responsible for the liberties, and by the miners juries of the Barmote Cour ...

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Derbyshire lead mining history, Derbyshire lead mining history - Background, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining methods, Derbyshire lead mining history - Technical change, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mining customs, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine ownership, Derbyshire lead mining history - The king's farmers and chief barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Chief barmasters and the 24, Derbyshire lead mining history - Deputy barmasters, Derbyshire lead mining history - Giving a mine, Derbyshire lead mining history - Collecting the dues, Derbyshire lead mining history - Title-holding and record keeping, Derbyshire lead mining history - Accidents, Derbyshire lead mining history - Mine drainage, Derbyshire lead mining history - Smelting by cupola, Derbyshire lead mining history - The end of lead-mining in Derbyshire

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